1. Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and energy certificates
Dr Paul Davidson
Director, Sustainable Energy
BRE

2. Contents The EU EPBD UK implementation
Minimum standards – Part L
Calculation methods
Energy certificates
Implications for local authorities

3. EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and Council published 4 January 2003
Over 160 million buildings in Europe account for over 40% of CO2 emissions
‘Cost effective saving potential of 22% of current consumption by 2010’
Aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 45 mt p.a. by 2010

4. Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)
Requires Member States to introduce by end 2005 plans for:
Minimum Energy Performance Standards
an acceptable methodology for calculating the integrated energy performance of buildings
minimum energy performance standards for new buildings
minimum energy performance requirements for large existing buildings subject to major renovation
Energy performance certificates
provided to prospective purchaser/tenant
prominent display of the energy certificate in all public
buildings and “institutions providing public services”
Regular inspection associated with
boilers
air-conditioning systems

5. Directive Implementation Advisory Group (DIAG) supporting implementation
Group of 22 professional institutions and umbrella trade associations (BRE Secretariat)
Objective is to work with Government to ensure practical effective and timely implementation
avoiding the problems caused by some other EU Directives
To download a copy of the EPBD
and other information, visit

6. Article 1 - Objective
To promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within the Community,
Taking into account
outdoor climatic and local conditions
indoor climate requirements
cost-effectiveness

7. Article 3 - National Calculation Methodology
Adopt a national calculation methodology (Annex)
Must be transparent
May include CO2 emission indicator
Must be reviewed regularly (Article 13) by committee (Article 14).
Implement through UK Building Regulations
Dwellings: SAP
Other buildings: Simplified Building Energy Model (SBEM) for most situations.
Commercial software to take on more complex buildings.

8. Annex General framework for calculation of energy performance
Envelope, including airtightness
Heating and hot water services
Air-conditioning
Ventilation
Lighting
Outdoor climate
Solar gains and protection
Indoor climate
Renewables, chp and daylighting
Doesn’t specifically mention controls – but vital

9. Article 4 - Energy performance requirements
Need to set legal minimum energy performance standards
Based on national methodology
Differentiate between new and existing buildings
Take indoor climate conditions into account (eg ventilation)
Review at regular intervals not exceeding 5 years
Some buildings may be exempt (eg historic buildings)
Implement through Building Regulations

10. Article 5 - New buildings
Need to enforce legal minimum energy performance requirements. (i.e. prescription not guidance)
For buildings over 1000m2, before construction, consider technical, environmental and economic feasibility of low and zero carbon energy supply systems:
Renewable energy systems
CHP
District heating or cooling
Implement through Building Regulations

11. Article 6 - Existing buildings
For buildings over 1000m2, when undergoing renovation, upgrade energy performance
Technically, functionally and economically feasible
Renovated systems / components or building as a whole
Implement through Building Regulations

12. Article 7 - Energy Performance Certificates
7.1 Supply Energy Performance certificates  10 years old when buildings are constructed, sold or rented out.
7.2 Must include benchmarks and recommendations for improvement
7.3 Buildings >1000 m2 occupied by public organisations and visited by large numbers of the public must display certificate prominently.
New build - Building Regulations Part L
Recent government statement on principles
Calculated Asset rating for Article 7.1
Measured Operational rating for Article 7.3
Intend to widen display requirement to all public and private buildings – following further consultation

13. Article 8 - Inspection of boilers
Option (a) regular inspections -
20kW to 100kW - inspection required for oil, coal etc. Member States to decide for other fuels.
> 100 kW to be inspected every 2 years (4 years for gas).
One off inspection of heating systems with boilers over 20 kW and over 15 years old.
Option (b) provision of advice to users.
Possible implementation through a mix of (a) and (b)
See 2004 ODPM consultation report

14. Article 9 - Inspection of air conditioning systems
Regular inspection of systems with rated output > 12 kW
Inspections must include:
Assessment of efficiency and sizing
Advice on possible improvement or replacement.
Possible implementation routes:
Put the requirement into Building Regulations using powers under the Sustainable & Secure Buildings Act 2004.
Refer to the proposed new CIBSE TM as approved guidance.
Expert panel of CIBSE and FETA members has made proposals.

15. Article 10 - Certification and inspection
To be “carried out in an independent manner by qualified and / or accredited experts … …”.
So new qualification systems required for building energy surveyors and plant inspectors.
Industry has reported with recommendations – keen to have Government approval schemes.
See DIAG website
Home Inspector qualification covers home energy rating
New Competent Person scheme for non-dwellings
See

16. Article 15 - Transposition
All laws, regulations and administrative provisions in place by 4 January 2006
Additional 3 years for Articles 7, 8 and 9 if lack of qualified and / or accredited experts

17. Other policy drivers Energy White Paper (2003) Sustainable Development Strategy (2005)

18. Energy White Paper
Raise standards over the next decade learning lessons from the standards in other European countries.
Raise the standard required for new and replacement boilers to SEDBUK classes A or B.
ODPM to take lead in implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
Start immediately on the next major revision of Building Regulations - aim to bring into effect in 2005.

19. Building Regulations Part L (E&W) – aims of the review
To see what further contribution the Regulations can make towards achieving the Government’s carbon emissions targets whilst:-
Remaining proportionate
Continuing to provide satisfactory design flexibility
Avoiding unacceptable technical risks.
To implement EPBD Articles 3,4,5 & 6

20. Principal changes to Part L
Moves to a whole building approach based on energy/carbon targets
Aims to reduce energy requirements by around 25%
implies significant improvements in insulation and heating system efficiency
provides incentive for low and zero carbon technologies, especially with fuels other than gas
Extends coverage of measures installed in existing buildings
Implements EPBD articles
Simplified ADs rely on second tier documents

21. Structure of Part L ADL1A – new dwellings
ADL1B – work in existing dwellings
ADL2A – new buildings that are not dwellings
ADL2B – work in existing buildings that are not dwellings

22. Part L – The Requirement
Part L Conservation of fuel and power
L1. Reasonable provision shall be made for the conservation of fuel and power in buildings by:
a) limiting heat gains and losses:
i. through thermal elements and other parts of the building fabric; and
ii. From pipes ducts and vessels used for space heating, space cooling and hot water services;
b. providing and commissioning energy efficient fixed building services with effective controls; and
c. providing to the owner sufficient information about the building, the fixed building services and their maintenance requirements so that the building can be operated in such a manner as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances.

23. Regulation 17 – EPBD Article 3, 4 & 5 (ADL2A)
17A. The Secretary of State shall approve a methodology of calculation of the energy performance of buildings.
17B. The Secretary of State shall approve minimum energy performance requirements for new buildings, in the form of target CO2 emission rates, which shall be based upon the methodology pursuant to regulation 17A.
17C. Where a building is erected, it shall not exceed the target CO2 emission rate for the building pursuant to regulation 17B.
17E. In this Part ‘building’ means the building as a whole or parts of it that have been designed or altered to be used separately.

24. Regulation 17 – EPBD Article 6 (ADL2B)
17D. (1) Paragraph (2) applies to an existing building with a total useful floor area over 1000m2 where the proposed building work consists of or includes:
an extension
the initial provision of any fixed building services; or
an increase to the installed capacity of any fixed building services
(2) Subject to paragraph (3), where this regulation applies, such work, if any, shall be carried out as is necessary to ensure that the building complies with the requirements of Part L of Schedule 1.
(3) Nothing in paragraph (2) requires work to be carried out if it is not technically, functionally and economically feasible.

25. The compliance route for new buildings - ADL2A
Meet the carbon target
Based on a whole building energy calculation
Meet the worst acceptable standards
Envelope insulation
Air permeability
Efficiency of building services
Control of summer overheating
Quality of construction & commissioning
Provision of information

26. Carbon emissions Calculate carbon emissions from ‘notional’ building
2002 elemental standards
Calculate carbon emissions target (TER)
Improvement factor + renewables benchmark
Calculate predicted carbon emissions from actual building (BER)
Same occupancy as notional building
Preliminary calculation of BER at design stage
Final calculation of BER as built
BER must be lower than TER

27. Building certification – EPBD Article 7
Asset rating
Operational rating
Implementation now decided in principle
Three year extension to train experts
Develop certification schemes
Home inspectors to prepare information for home information packs

28. Why energy label a building?
To demonstrate and quantify energy performance
To show compliance with Building Regulations and EPBD
To differentiate between buildings on basis of energy use
To simplify specification for a new building
To simplify requirements for leasing a building
To drive up energy standards through market pressure
to remove poorest performers
to encourage competition for better performance

29. Energy labels for buildings
Almost all relate only to components
Some have a performance threshold
pass criteria raised from time to time, but once given, label remains
Others place absolute performance on a relative scale

30. Energy rating definitions
New Building Design Rating
a calculation of building energy performance carried out as part of building control submission
used to show compliance with Part L energy performance requirements
New Building Asset Rating
a calculation of intrinsic energy performance “as-built”
rating base line to be the equivalent ‘notional building’
Existing Building Asset Rating
provided to prospective purchaser or tenant
based on the intrinsic energy performance of the building
Operational Rating
used for public display/disclosure purposes
based on actual building performance/energy management
derived from metered energy data and floor area

31. What methods will be used to derive energy performance ratings in the UK?
New Dwellings
dwelling carbon emissions rate calculated using SAP 2005
Existing Dwellings
assessment using reduced data-set SAP (RD-SAP)
EPBD compliant Energy Report included in Home Condition Report
New Non-Dwellings
CEN based National Calculation Method for simple buildings (SBEM)
simulation tools for complex buildings
Existing Non-Dwellings
assessment using SBEM plus inference engine
Operational rating for public display

32. Energy ratings for dwellings
SAP is the Government's Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings.
SAP 2005 is part of the UK national methodology for calculation of the energy performance of buildings.
It is used
to demonstrate compliance for dwellings with Part L of the Building Regulations (England and Wales) and
to provide energy ratings for dwellings.
SAP is developed and maintained by BRE

33. SAP Calculation can be carried out via ‘manual’ worksheet + tables
Or by approved software
Rating is based on net annual energy costs for
Space and water heating
Ventilation
Lighting
Scale is from 1 to 100 (100 = zero energy cost)
Also calculates Dwelling CO2 Emission Rate (DER) (kg/m2/yr)
And Environmental Impact Rating (CO2) – 1 to 100
Independent of
Household size
Ownership of electrical appliances
Individual heating patterns and temperatures

34. Reduced Data SAP for existing dwellings
Based on site survey
Limited collection of data
Default U-values based on age and type of construction
Provides recommendations for improvements

35. Part of Home Condition Report
UK domestic certificate, now out for final consultation. To be included with Home Information Pack

36. Information for householders
Explains actual and potential energy/emissions/costs

37. Comments on existing performance

38. Low cost = up to £500 (20 000 Czech Krowns)
Higher cost = up to £3000 ( CzK)

39. Measures over £3000 (more than 120 000 CzK)

40. Buildings other than dwellings Operational Ratings
Based on measured in-use consumption data
Includes intrinsic performance, plus effect of:
Actual plant performance
Actual occupancy, location, etc
Actual management practices by occupants at the time
A comparative rating with respect to benchmarks
Used to establish scope for improvement
Must recommend improvement measures
No theoretical calculation required

41. Buildings other than dwellings Calculation methods
Either use simulation software (such as IES and TAS)
Or a new, simplified calculation tool – SBEM
SBEM (Simplified Building Energy Model) was developed by BRE for ODPM in 2005
Now the default calculation method for energy performance evaluation

42. SBEM – meeting two inter-related requirements
Building Regulations Part L2a
New revision came into force April 2006
New buildings – design approval and completion
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
Minimum energy performance for new buildings (Part L2A)
Energy certificate required when sold or leased
Energy certificate required for public display?

43. SBEM produces an Asset Rating
The calculated intrinsic performance of the building as built
Normalised to standard conditions (weather, occupancy)
Recognises different ‘activity areas’
Applicable to both new and existing buildings
Automatically compares with a ‘Notional Building’ as the baseline
Used to demonstrate compliance with minimum standard
And perhaps to generate a comparative rating (‘A-G’ or 0-100)
Used to compare one building with others
Also need a ‘Design rating’ before building is built
Government has not yet finalised Asset Rating definition

44. Activity areas – distinct areas with distinct impacts on energy use
Will include, for example:
Cellular office
Open-plan office
Sales area - ambient
Lecture theatre
Sports hall
Classroom
Storage - chilled
Toilets
Stairs

45. Activity schedules – to include
Occupancy density
Occupancy schedule
Design temperature set-points
Design ventilation rate
Target illuminance
Equipment gains
DHW requirement
Humidification if essential
Standard values for Asset Rating
(Tailored values for Tailored rating could be possible)

46. The rating and compliance test - NCM
Actual
CO2/m2/yr
Fabric & plant
Building
geometry
Calculation
Tool
Input
data
Standard
Activity
Schedule
The concept is based upon a national calculation tool which is used to calculate the carbon emissions from a notional building that is the same size and shape of the actual proposed building.
The energy performance standards of the notional building must comply with elemental standards which are generally in line with those given in 2002 edition of Approved Document L2.
These details along with activity information are put into the tool and a carbon emissions target for the actual building is arrived at.
The same calculation methodology is then used, to arrive at a proposed carbon emission rate for the actual building, using the fabric and plant data for the actual building and the same occupancy as the notional building.
The proposed rate must be no greater than the target or the design will require revision.
As part of the final demonstration of compliance, a second calculation will need to be carried out upon the building as built and installed. This calculation defines the building Asset Rating. (required and defined by Article 7)

47. The rating and compliance test - NCM
Actual
CO2/m2/yr
Fabric & plant
Building
geometry
Calculation
Tool
Input
data
Notional
baseline
2002 Elemental
standards
Fabric & plant
Standard
Activity
Schedule
The concept is based upon a national calculation tool which is used to calculate the carbon emissions from a notional building that is the same size and shape of the actual proposed building.
The energy performance standards of the notional building must comply with elemental standards which are generally in line with those given in 2002 edition of Approved Document L2.
These details along with activity information are put into the tool and a carbon emissions target for the actual building is arrived at.
The same calculation methodology is then used, to arrive at a proposed carbon emission rate for the actual building, using the fabric and plant data for the actual building and the same occupancy as the notional building.
The proposed rate must be no greater than the target or the design will require revision.
As part of the final demonstration of compliance, a second calculation will need to be carried out upon the building as built and installed. This calculation defines the building Asset Rating. (required and defined by Article 7)

48. National Calculation Method – overview of iSBEM approach
Interface
iSBEM
Calculation core
SBEM
User
Interface
Activity
Database
Fabric
database
Service
database

49. Describing the building - key stages
Geometry
Overall building layout
Distribution of activity areas
Construction
Systems
Controls
Two different input routes:
New build – from plans
Existing buildings – from brief survey and, eg, log book data, supplemented by inference

50. iSBEM – General information

51. Calculating the Asset Rating

52. Summary of current tools
Energy rating tool for housing – SAP
Energy rating tool for other buildings – SBEM
So far, used to demonstrate compliance with mandatory Building Regulation standards
SAP is also used as an energy label
SBEM probably will be soon
BREEAM and EcoHomes provide ratings covering energy along with other environmental issues
SBEM is available at
SAP at
BREEAM at

53. Benefits of energy labelling
Significant new drivers for building clients, owners and developers:
Brand image / Corporate Social Responsibility
Environmental reporting associated with property portfolios
Impact on asset value (positive and negative)
An aid to procurement
Introduces new requirement into the property transaction process
Fully glazed facades might be limited to prestige buildings
Energy labelling should make architectural ‘greenwash’ more difficult
Bill Bordass/Europrosper

54. Implications for local authorities
Immediate:
(Building Control responsibilities)
Generate energy labels for new buildings and large extensions when designed and built
Soon
Operational ratings for large buildings with public access
Asset ratings for any buildings to be sold or let
Benchmarking of stock
Use of rating in procuring new buildings