1. “MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM”By
Kishor Deshmukh

2. Management Information System
UNIT-I

3. MIS: DEFINATION
The system which provides information for decision making in an organization.
It is also known as Information System, Information & decision system, Computer based information system.
The system which support decision making function in org.
In every org. time goes in data collection, processing, documenting & communicating the people.
MIS plays a role of information generation, communication.

4. DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
Generating Information:
Computer-based ISs take data as raw material, process it, and produce information as output.

5. DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
Examples:
Data : Thermometer readings of temperature taken every hour: , 17.0, 16.0, 18.5, 17.0,15.5….
Information – today’s high: 18.5
today’s low: 15.5

6. DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
What Is a System?
System: A set of components that work together to achieve a common goal
Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of more than one system are combined to reach an ultimate goal
Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact with other systems
Open system: System that interfaces with other systems

7. DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
Elements
Goal
Inputs
Processing elements
Outputs
Movie
Actors, director, staff, sets, equipment
Filming, editing, special effects, distribution
Finished film delivered to movie studio
Entertaining movie, film awards, profits

8. DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
Environment
Organisation
Input
Processing
Output
Feedback

9. DATA, INFORMATION & SYSTEM
External Environment
Information
System
People
Organisation
Technology

10. Role Of MIS
Role of MIS can be compared to the role of heart in the body.
MIS satisfies the needs through variety of systems such as Query system, Analysis system, Modelling Systems, & Decision Support System.
MIS plays a role of information generation, communication.
It helps in the process of decision making.
It is supported by the use of mgt. tools of planning & control

11. Impact Of MIS MIS plays very important role.
It creates impact on organization’s functions, performance, & product.
with good MIS support, the mgt. of marketing, finance, production becomes more efficient.
Time required is very less.
The tracking & monitoring of functional targets becomes easy.

12. MIS & The User Every person in organization is user of MIS.
The people in organization operate at all levels in the hierarchy.
A typical user is a clerk, an assistant, an officer, an executive or a manager.
Each of them has specific task & a role to play in the mgt of business.
MIS has to satisfy the needs of all the person.

13. MIS: Concept MIS is necessity of all the organization.
To process data from org. & present it in the form of reports.
The information is a product of analysis of data.
System should present information in such a form & format that it creates an impact on its user.
Some modifications & sort of selective approach is necessary.
The norm for an exception is necessary.

14. MIS: Concept Support Structure To MIS Conceptual View of MIS MIS
Business Goals & Mission
Application of Pure & Social Science
Application of Principles & Practices of Management
Use of Database & Knowledge Base
Information Tech. & Enterprise Software
Support Structure To MIS
Conceptual View of MIS

15. MIS: Concept Integrated Information System Structure
EIS
Business Information System
Mission Critical Applications
Functional Information Applications
Databases & Knowledge Base
Data Processing & Analysis Systems
OLTP, Data & Validation System
Integrated Information System Structure
Physical View of MIS

16. A Support To The Management
Mgt process is executed through a variety of decision taken at each step of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating and control.
MIS aids decision making.
Objective of MIS is to provide information for decision support.
Business goals are achieved in most efficient manner.
Decision making is not restricted to a particular level.

17. A Support To The Management
Steps in mgt.
Decision
Planning
Selection from various alternatives
Organization
Selection of goals, people, resources, method & authority.
Staffing
Providing proper manpower
Directing
Choosing methods of directing the efforts in the organization.
Coordinating
Choice of the tools & techniques for optimum result.
Controlling
Selection of exception conditions & providing the decision guidance.

18. Characteristics Of Valuable Information
Accurate,
Complete,
Economical,
Flexible,
Reliable,
Relevant,
Simple,
Timely
Verifiable,
Accessible,
Secure.

19. Management Information System
UNIT-II

20. Unit-II Basics of MIS : Decision making. Decision methods.
Behavioral concepts.
Organizational decision making.
MIS and decision making concepts.
Information concepts and classification.
Methods of data and information collection.
Value of information, organization and information.
Human as an information processor.
Development of MIS and choice of IT.

21. Decision-Making Concepts
Decision: a reasoned choice among alternatives.
Examples:
Where to advertise a new product
What stock to buy
What movie to see
Where to go for dinner
Decision Making:-- a process of choosing among alternative courses of action for the purpose of attaining a goal or goals

22. Characteristics of Business Decision Making
Sequential in nature.
Exceedingly complex due to risks & trade offs.
Influenced by personal values.
Made in institutional setting & business environment.

23. Rational Decision Making
Ensures the achievement of the goal.
If it is raining it is rational to look for a cover.
The rationality of decision made is not the same in every situation.
It will vary with the organization.
Any business decision if review by a share holder, a customer, an employee will result in different criticism due to difference individual’s rationality

24. Rational Decision Making

25. Steps in Rational Decision Making
Define the problem
Identify the decision criteria
Allocate weights to the criteria
Develop the alternatives
Evaluate the alternatives
Select the best alternatives

26. Steps in Rational Decision Making
Making a Decision
Define the
problem
Identify the
criteria
Develop
alternatives
Allocate weights
to the criteria
Evaluate the
Select the
best alternative 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

27. The Problems in Making Rational Decisions
Ascertaining the problem
Insufficient knowledge
Not enough time to be rational
The environment may not cooperate
Other limitations

28. Decision Making Process
Decision making is a process which the decision maker uses to arrive at a decision.
The process is described by Herbert Simon in a model.

29. Decision Making Process
This gentleman won a Nobel Prize!
Decision Making Process
Herbert Simon’s decision making model
Simple
Decision process modeled as a “flow” of events

30. Decision Making Process
Intelligence Phase
Collect raw material
Process & examine
Identify the problem calling for decision

31. Decision Making Process
Design Phase
Identify the key variables
Create model to aid decision making.
Identify the alternative solutions.

32. Decision Making Process
Example of Statistical Model-Factory
Should we be concerned about model?
The model sounds good

33. Decision Making Process
Choice Phase
Select one alternative as a decision, based on the selection criteria.
Selection criteria such as max profit, least cost, least time.

34. Decision Making Process
Implementation Phase
Implement the decision
Monitor
Make adjustments

35. Types of Decision Making System
There are two types of systems based on the managers knowledge about the environment.
Closed decision making system
Open decision making system

36. Types of Decision Making System
Closed decision making system
Known set of decision alternatives.
Outcomes are known.
The manager has model or rule.
Based on some goal manager can choose one of them.
Eg: examination system to declare pass or fail, fixed deposits.

37. Types of Decision Making System
Open decision making system
Manager does not Know all the decision alternatives.
Outcome of decision is not known fully.
No method, rule or model is available to study.
It is difficult to decide an objective or goal.
Eg: Pricing of a new product, plant location

38. Goal of MIS
MIS tries to convert every open system into closed system by providing information support.
MIS gives information support so that manager knows more & more about environment.

39. Nature of Decision Decision making is a complex situation.
To resolve the complexity, the decisions are classified as programmed & non programmed decisions.

40. Nature of Decision Programmed Decision
Decision can be based on a rule, method or even guidelines.
If such rules can be developed then MIS can be designed to make a decision.
The system in such case plays a role of decision maker based on a given rule or method.

41. Nature of Decision Non-programmed Decision
Decision which can not be made by using rule or method.
Such decisions are infrequent.
MIS can help to some extent in identifying the problem.
MIS can develop support system in the non-programmed decision making situation.

42. Assignment
Discuss the various activities performed through an MIS in any business organization.
What are different types of strategies. Explain it in brief.
State the differences between MIS & the computer system.
What are the different methods to avoid misuse of information.

43. Behavioural Concepts in Decision-Making
One manager may not the same as that of other managers.
They differs on the behavioural platform.
The manager differ in their approach towards decision making in the organization.
They can be classified into two categories
Achievement Oriented
Task Oriented

44. Behavioural Concepts in Decision-Making
Achievement Oriented
Looking for excellence
Always opt for the best.
He will be scientific & therefore more rational.

45. Behavioural Concepts in Decision-Making
Task Oriented
Looking of completion of the task somehow.
Achievement doesn’t matter.

46. Behavioural Concepts in Decision-Making
The managers personal values will influenced.
Behaviour is influenced by position he holds.
Behaviour is also influenced by fear & an anxiety.

47. Methods for Deciding Decision Alternatives
There are different methods to help the manager decide among the alternatives.
There are methods for selection of decision alternatives with the goals.
Optimization Techniques.
Payoff Analysis.
Decision Tree Analysis.

48. Methods for Deciding Decision Alternatives
Optimization Techniques.
Linear Programming, Integer Programming, Dynamic Programming, Queuing Models & so on are examples of optimization techniques.
Computer algorithms and programs are readily available to handle many problems of this class.
The major problem is to construct the model correctly.

49. Statistical Decision Theory
Decision Theory provides a rational framework for choosing between the different alternatives when the choices are imperfectly known.
The theory provides techniques for mathematically evaluating the outcomes of alternative action in a given situation.
In all cases decision maker has an objectives (eg. Maximize profit)
Two methods: Payoff Matrix & Decision Tree

50. Methods for Deciding Decision Alternatives
Payoff Analysis
When all the alternatives & their outcomes are not known with certainty.
The payoff matrix consists of rows for the alternatives or strategies available and columns for the conditions that affect the outcomes.
Each cell contains the payoff (the consequences) in dollars if that strategy is chosen and that state occurs.

51. Methods for Deciding Decision Alternatives
Payoff Matrix
States of Nature
Strategies n1 n2 n3 n4 S1 S2 S3

52. Methods for Deciding Decision Alternatives
Payoff Analysis
Example 1: The Anniversary Problem
You are suddenly driving home from work in the evening when you suddenly recall that your wedding anniversary comes about this time of year. In fact, it seems quite probable, (but not certain), that it is today. You can still stop at the local florist and buy a dozen roses, or you may go home empty-handed and hope the anniversary lies in the future.
What do you do?

53. Anniversary Problem Payoff Matrix
Possible Outcomes (States of Nature)
Decision
Alternatives
(Strategies)
It IS Your
Anniversary
It IS NOT Your
Anniversary
SPOUSE SUSPICIOUS
AND YOU ARE OUT
$50
DOMESTIC
BLISS
Buy Flowers
Do Not
Buy Flowers
SPOUSE IN TEARS
AND
YOU IN DOGHOUSE
STATUS QUO

54. Decision Tree for Anniversary Problem $50 LOSS AND SUSPICIOUS WIFE
DOMESTIC
BLISS
Anniversary
Buy Flowers
NOT
Anniversary
$50 LOSS AND SUSPICIOUS WIFE
DOGHOUSE
Anniversary
Do Not
Buy Flowers
Decision Point
NOT
Anniversary
Resolution of
Uncertainty
STATUS QUO

55. Planning Models
A planning model is a method for structuring, manipulating & communicating the future plans.
Simple Profit Model:
Sales = input variable
Cost of Sales = 0.4 x sales
Gross Margin = sales - cost of sales
Operating expenses = input variable
Profit before taxes = gross margin - operating expenses
Taxes = 0.48 x profit before taxes
Net Profit = profit before taxes - taxes

56. The Role of Models in Decision Making
A major characteristic of decision-making is the use of models.
A model is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality.
It is usually simplified because reality is too complex to copy.
Basis idea is that analysis is performed on a model rather than on reality itself.

57. Organizational Decision Making
An organization is an arrangement of individuals having different goals.
Each individual having different powers & rights.
Hierarchy of goals which may be conflicting, self defeating & inconsistent.
In case of inconsistent goals, the conflict in the organization increases.
The organizational decision making should help in the resolution of such conflicts.

58. Organizational Decision Making
Dealing with Uncertainty.
The organizations perform in an environment of uncertainty.
Ex. Market uncertainty, the price fluctuation, the changes in govt policy, technology changes are some factors which make the business envt uncertainty.
Org. behaviour towards minimizing the risk in decision making.

59. Organizational Decision Making
Organizational Learning
Learning provides a strength to review the goals.
Learning provides to set goals more correctly.
As the time progresses, the org. may have new set of goals & objectives.
Org. may take a fresh look at the alternatives, outcomes, methods.
Adopting such methods the org builds skills & capabilities in mgt.

60. MIS & Decision Making Simon Model Programmed Decision
Non programmed decision
Closed & Open Decision Making system
Organizational & Behavioural aspects.

61. Information Concepts
Information is equivalent to the finished goods produced after processing raw material.
The information has a value in decision making.
Information brings clarity & create intelligent human response in the mind

62. Information Concepts Information has following characteristics.
Improves representation of an entity.
Updates the level of knowledge.
Has a surprise value.
Reduces uncertainty.
Aids in decision making.

63. Information Concepts Information Presentation
Presentation of information is an art
The data can be collected in best possible manner & processed analytically.
Method of improving communication is message routing.
Knowledge is a power & an intelligent person can misuse this power.

64. Information: A Quality Product
Information is a product of data processing.
The manager will determine the quality of information.
The quality of information can be measured on the four dimensions
Utility
Satisfaction
Error
Bias

65. Information: A Quality Product
Utility:
The utility dimension has four facets:
The form,
The time
The access
The possession

66. Information: A Quality Product
Parameters Impacting Quality
Impartiality
Validity
Reliability
Consistency
Age

67. Classification of Information
Action Versus No-action Information
Recurring Versus Non-recurring Information
Internal Versus External Information
Planning Information
Control Information
Knowledge

68. Methods of Data & Information Collection
Observation
Experiment
Survey
Subjective Estimation
Transaction Processing Purchased from outside
Publication
Government agencies

69. Value of Information

70. General Model of a Human as an Information Processor
A decision maker uses his sensory receptors.

71. Management Information System
UNIT-III

72. Unit-III Applications of MIS : Applications in manufacturing sector,
Applications in service sector,
Introduction to service, sector,
Creating a destructive services,
MIS applications in service industries
Role of MIS in source industries.
DSS:
Concepts and philosophy,
Deterministic systems and knowledge based expert systems.
MIS and role of DSS.
MIS in Enterprise Management System.

73. Decision Support System
Decision support systems are an application of Herbert Simon Model.
DSS is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to help make decisions that solve problems
Focus of a DSS is on decision-making effectiveness when faced with unstructured or semistructured business problems

74. Components of Decision Support System
Model base: provides decision makers access to a variety of models and assists them in decision making
Financial models
Spreadsheets often used
Statistical analysis models
Graphical models
Charts, Maps
Project management models
Timeline tracking of resources and tasks

75. Components of Decision Support System
Database
External database access
Access to the Internet and corporate intranet, networks, and other computer systems
Dialogue manager: allows decision makers to easily access and manipulate the DSS and to use common business terms and phrases.

76. Components of Decision Support System
Fig. Conceptual Model of DSS

77. Types of DSS Status Inquiry System
It does not call for any elaborate computation, analysis, choice etc.
If the status is known the decision is automatic.
Data Analysis System
DSS based on comparative analysis, use of formula or algorithm.
Information Analysis System
In this system, data is analysed & information reports are generated.

78. Types of DSS Accounting System
Desirable to keep track of major aspects of business or function.
Model Based System
These systems are simulation models or optimization models for decision making.
The product mix decision, the material mix, the job scheduling rules & resources are examples.

79. DSS: Deterministic Systems
There are number of situation where the management has to make the decision based on the business statistics.

80. DSS: Deterministic Systems
Input Source
Hardware
User
Inquiry
Database, Conventional files
Query System
PC, Servers, Clients
Clerk, Assistant
Data Analysis
Database & System
PCs
Mainframe or managers
Operations
Information Analysis
Processed Data files
Analysis Programs
Mainframe, Mini
Middle Level Manager
Accounting
Transactions, Master files
Transaction Processing System
Mini, Mainframe, Client/Server
Middle & Top Mgt.
Model Based Control
Inventory DB & External Data
Development of OR & Business Models
Mainframe, Mini, Client/Server
Middle & top Mgt.

81. DSS: Deterministic Systems
If the management can design such models duly tested, they can be used by decision makers.
All such tools & models acts as a support system for decision making.
Number of computer based software tools & packages are available.

82. Typical DSS

83. DSS Designed to support organizational decision making
“What-if” analysis
Example of a DSS tool: Microsoft Excel
Text and graphs
Models for each of the functional areas
Accounting, finance, personnel, etc.

84. Characteristics of Decision Support System
DSS is design specifically to facilitate decision process.
DSS should able to respond quickly to the changing needs of decision makers.
DSS use sophisticated data analysis & modeling tools.
DSS has ability to present knowledge.
DSS can interact directly with decision maker.
DSS offers flexibility, adaptability & quick response.

85. Introduction to Expert System(ES)
ES are knowledge based systems.
Replicates the thought processes of Human “Experts”.
Follow a structured set of rules .
My computer won’t turn on…
Did you press the power button?
If no, press it and start again.
If yes, is it plugged in?
If no, plug it in and try again.
If yes, is the monitor on? ………………and so on.

86. D. Introduction to Expert Systems (ES)
Expert Systems tend to use branching logic, like this one.
bare

87. Introduction to Expert System(ES)
An expert system can replace the expert
ex. Identify the whale species
An expert system can support the expert
ex. Paper machine diagnostic system.

88. Notice that the recommendations still leave the human expert some options.
Expert System(ES)

89. Introduction to Expert System(ES)
How is an ES different from a DSS??
DSS
Allows decision maker a platform for exploring and evaluating the options ES
Delivers advice/recommendations based on answers to a set of questions
Business examples of ES??.

90. Knowledge Based Expert System(KBES)
In unstructured situation, two methods of problem solving , generalised or the knowledge based expert system.
Generalised problem solving approach considers the generally applicable constraints, examines all possible alternatives.
The Knowledge based problem solving approach considers specific constraints within a domain, examines limited alternatives within knowledge domain.

91. Knowledge Based Expert System(KBES)
Considers knowledge as a base.
To build knowledge based system, then
A person with ability to solve the problem with knowledge based reasoning.
Expert should be able to articulate the knowledge.

92. KBES Model Fig. KBES Model User Control Mechanism Knowledge Base
Inference Mechanism
Fig. KBES Model

93. KBES Model
KBES has three basic components which are necessary to build a system.
Knowledge Base
It is database of knowledge consisting of facts, rules formulae, experience.
Inference Mechanism
It is a tool to interpret the knowledge available.
User Control Mechanism
It is a tool applied to the inference mechanism to select, interpret.

94. Comparison of DSS & MIS

95. DSS Vs MIS MIS DSS Support Info about performance
Info and modeling to analyze problems
Report Form
Periodic reports
or On Demand
Interactive Inquiries
Format
Pre-specified Fixed format
Flexible and Adaptable
Processing
Extract and manipulate data
Analytical modeling of data

96. Information System

97. Information System MIS: Management Information System
DSS: Decision Support System
EIS: Executive Information System.

98. Types of Information System
Transaction Processing Systems
Systems designed to handle large volumes of routine transactions.
Were the first computer-based information systems handling billing, payroll, and supplier payments.

99. Types of Information System
Operations Information Systems
Systems that gather, organize, and summarize comprehensive data in a form of value to managers.
Can help managers with non-routine decisions such as customer service and productivity.

100. Types of Information System
Decision Support Systems
Provides computer-built models that help managers make better nonprogrammed decisions.
New productive capacity, new product development, launch a new promotional campaign, enter a new market or expand internationally

101. Types of Information System
Executive Support System
Sophisticated version of a decision support system designed to meet the needs of top managers
Group Decision Support System
An executive support system that links top managers so that they can function as a team.

102. Management Information System
UNIT-IV

103. Unit-IV Technology in MIS : Data processing Transaction processing
Application processing
Information System processing
TQM of IS.
DBMS:
Object Oriented Technologies
Client Server Arch. And MIS.

104. Data Processing
Data is smallest automic entity in the information system
If the data is proper, its usage will ensure quality output.
Data processing is handling raw material in systematic manner.
The automic data entity is define as a value attached to an attribute which has character, meaning & presentation for understanding to user.
Eg. Date :cha, meaning & presentation.

105. Data Processing
Data processing means following steps to be implemented before the data is accepted.
Confirming the character, structure & presentation.
Checking the value of the data. Eg. Data value specification such as single specific value, range of value.
If non conformance is seen, point out the error before the processing.

106. Transaction Processing
After the data has been process the next step is transaction processing.
A transaction is processed with reference to business rules.
The rules may be directly related to transaction or it may have some relation & association with other transaction.
In case, if transaction does not conform to the set of specified conditions governed by the rules, the error is displayed for user to take corrective action.

107. Transaction Processing
Computerized systems that perform and record the daily routine transactions

108. Transaction Processing
Let us take an example of the goods receipt as a transaction.
The business rules in case of this transaction are:
The purchase order must be present & open, the receipt as per the scheduled date.
The supplier has sent the necessary documents such as Exercise Gate Pass, Challan, Sales Tax Form, etc.
Such other conditions that may be applicable.

109. Transaction Processing
Examples :
Payroll.
Sales & Ordering.
Inventory.
Purchasing, receiving.
Account payable & receivable

110. Application Processing
Application processing is designed to process more than one type of transaction.
This processing is carried out once the transaction is processed for its validity.
Ex. If the stock level is below reorder level, it would raise purchase requisition.
The application can be design for status updation. Ex:If the number of work orders are on hold for no material to process, then on receipt of the material the affected work order will be released for processing.

111. Information System Processing
The system processing is at a higher level, over the application processing.
The system is define as the product made up of several applications set in orderly manner to produce a higher level information output.
Ex. Financial system is a product of finance, sales, & purchase accounting applications.
The nature role & type of system is such that its design is very complex & sensitive to the business needs.

112. TQM of IS Objective is to assure quality of information.
This can be done by ensuring, verifying & maintaining software integrity.
Quality ensuring the processes & methodologies are correctly choosen.

113. TQM of IS The quality of information assures :
A precise and an accurate information.
A high level response in an interactive processing.
User friendly operations.
Reliability of information.
An ease of maintenance.

114. Database Management System
File organization concepts
Computer system uses hierarchies
Field: Group of characters
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of same type
Database: Group of related files
Record: Describes an entity
Entity: Person, place, thing on which we store information
Attribute: Each characteristic, or quality, describing entity
E.g. Attributes Date or Grade belong to entity COURSE

115. Database Management System
The Data Hierarchy

116. Database Management System
Problems with the traditional file processing
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Data redundancy: Presence of duplicate data in multiple files
Data inconsistency: Same attribute has different values
Program-data dependence:
When changes in program requires changes to data accessed by program
Lack of flexibility
Poor security
Lack of data sharing and availability

117. Database Management System
Collection of Interrelated data is called as database.

118. Database Management System
Relational DBMS
Represent data as two-dimensional tables called relations or files
Each table contains data on entity and attributes
Table: Grid of columns and rows
Rows (tuples): Records for different entities
Fields (columns): Represents attribute for entity
Key field: Field used to uniquely identify each record
Primary key: Field in table used for key fields
Foreign key: Primary key used in second table as look-up field to identify records from original table

119. Database Management System
Relational Database Tables

120. Database Management System
Hierarchical and Network DBMS: Older systems
Hierarchical DBMS: Models one-to-many relationships
Network DBMS: Models many-to-many relationships
Both less flexible than relational DBMS and do not support ad hoc, natural language

121. Database Management System
Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)
Stores data and procedures as objects
Capable of managing graphics, multimedia, Java applets
Relatively slow compared with relational DBMS for processing large numbers of transactions
Hybrid object-relational DBMS: Provide capabilities of both OODBMS and relational DBMS

122. Inheritance Declaring subclasses class B extends A { . . . }
Superclass
Declaring subclasses class B extends A { }
means class B is a specialization of class A
the "is a" relationship exists
a B object is an A object A B
"is a"
Subclass

123. Inheritance Other names: superclass also called "parent class"
subclass also called "child class"
These names help understand concept of inheritance
Child class inherits characteristics of parent class
attributes
methods

124. Inheritance { … } When we say … class TalkingParrot extends Parrot
then a TalkingParrot object inherits all Parrot attributes
(which, in turn, inherits both FlyingBird and Bird attributes)
In general, descendant classes inherit the attributes of ancestor classes

125. O-O Design Identify the problem's objects
if an object cannot be represented by an existing type, design a class to do so
if two or more classes share common attributes, design a hierarchy
Identify the operations If an operation cannot be performed with an existing operator or method
define a method to do so
store the method within a class hierarchy to enable inheritance
Organize the objects and operations into an algorithm

126. O-O Design
Using the extends relationship: A class B should extend another class A if and only if
B "is a" specialized version of A and …
All messages that can be sent to A can be appropriately sent to B A B

127. Client Server Architecture
The client/Server architecture is based upon hardware and software components that interact to form a system.
• Front-end application(Client): Any computer process that requests services from the server.
• Back-end application(Server): Any computer processing providing services to the clients.
• Communications middleware(Middleware): Any computer process through which clients and servers communicate.

128. How components interact?
Client Server Architecture
How components interact?
SQL
SQL
Client
process
Communications
middleware
network
Database
server
Data
Data
Clients process sends SQL request through communications middleware.
Middleware routes SQL request to database server process.
Database server process receives request, validates it, and executes it.

129. Client Server Architecture
A network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server.

130. Client Server Architecture
Components:
Clients
Servers
Communication Networks
Server
Client

131. Client Server Architecture
Applications that run on computers
Rely on servers for
Files
Devices
Processing power
Example: client
An application that enables you to send and receive

132. Client Server Architecture
Servers
Computers or processes that manage network resources
Disk drives (file servers)
Printers (print servers)
Network traffic (network servers)
Example: Database Server
A computer system that processes database queries

133. Client Server Architecture Networks Connect Clients and Servers
Communication Network
Networks Connect Clients and Servers

134. Management Information System
UNIT-V

135. Unit-V MIS and Networks : Network Topology LAN Data Communication
ATM Technology
Business Process Reengineering:
Introduction BP
Process Model of organization
Value stream model
Delays in BP
Relevance of IT
MIS and BPR

136. Networking What is Network?? What is Wifi?? What is IP??
IP Address & Classes??

137. Local Area Network(LAN)
A LAN (Local Area Network) is a “Transmission system intended primarily for linking computers and associated devices within a restricted geographical area”.
It covers an area of moderate size, such as an office block, factory or campus.
In practice, its size may range from a few meters to, in rare cases, tens of kilometers.

138. Local Area Network(LAN)
The raw transmission rate of LANs are high, typically being in the Mbps range.
On LANs, network errors are expected to be relatively few when compared with larger networks.
LANs are relatively inexpensive when compared to the cost of the equipment that connects to it.

139. Wide Area Network(WAN)
A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that is spread over multiple sites (>30Km).
WANs are not limited in size (they can even cross the world).
Public facilities (such as the public switched telephone network) are extensively used.
However, this means that the rate at which data is sent is limited by the bandwidth of these facilities.

140. WAN vs. LAN
When comparing WANs with LANs, the main difference is in the data transmission rates.
Delay and error rate parameters are also relevant to some applications.
We can view the technical facilities offered by a WAN as a subset of those offered by a LAN.
What a WAN offers is long distance connectivity.

141. Network Topology
The term topology refers to the way in which the nodes of a network are connected.
The topology of a network will effect its performance (in terms of speed) and its cost (both short and long term).
Cost/resource considerations and the environment in which the network is to be used often determines the choice of topology.

142. Network Topology
A network topology is the way in which a network is connected up.
The simplest network topology you can have is a single link (i.e. cable, optical fibre, radio or any other means of transmitting data) between two computers.
It may not be a very big network, but technically it is still a network. The computers can exchange data and they are autonomous.

143. Network Topology Some common topologies include: MESH STAR BUS TREE
RING
BACKBONE

144. Data Communication Data communication-
Defined as a subset of telecommunication involving the transmission of data to and from computers and components of computer systems.
More specifically data communication is transmitted via mediums such as wires, coaxial cables, fiber optics, or radiated electromagnetic waves such as broadcast radio, infrared light, microwaves, and satellites.

145. Features of Communication
Four things required
Sender, receiver, medium, and message
Types of messages
File
Request
Response
Status
Control
Correspondence
Understandability
Error Detection

146. Features of Communication

147. Data Communication Frameworks
Two major data communication frameworks have been developed to help ensure that networks meet business and communication requirements:
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite

148. Features of Communication
Four things required
Sender, receiver, medium, and message
Types of messages
File
Request
Response
Status
Control
Correspondence
Understandability
Error Detection

149. Features of Communication
Four things required
Sender, receiver, medium, and message
Types of messages
File
Request
Response
Status
Control
Correspondence
Understandability
Error Detection