1. Data - Information - Knowledge
Data - Raw Facts
Information - Facts organized in a meaningful and useful fashion so as to have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.
Knowledge - An awareness and understanding of information and how that information can be put to best use.

2. Characteristics of Valuable Information
Accurate - Error free
Complete - All important facts included
Economical - Cost effective to produce
Flexible - Usable for a variety of purposes
Reliable - Can be depended on
Relevant - Applicable to users purpose
Simple - Only the facts that are needed

3. Characteristics of Valuable Information (Cont.)
Timely - Delivered when it is most useful
Verifiable - Can be checked for correctness
Reusable - Using information does not preclude using it again

4. Information Value Chain
Data
Transformation
Process
Information

5. Data Information Transformation Process Retention Process
Dissemination
Process

6. Information Resource Management
Resources can be internal or external to the organization.
Resources can be physical or conceptual.
As the scale of the enterprise grows, it becomes more difficult to manage the resources.

7. The principles developed to manage physical resources can be applied to conceptual resources.
Management of conceptual resources requires processes and policies for aquisition, security, quality control, disbursement and obsolescence.
Organizational commitment is required for successful management of conceptual resources.

8. INFORMATION SYSTEM: Hardware, software and procedures that maintain data and convert it into usable information.

9. Computer Based Information System
Components of a
Computer Based Information System
Communications
Hardware
I S
Software
Procedures
Databases
People

10. Functions of an Information System
Collect
Process
Store
Retrieve
Analyze
Disseminate

11. Hierarchy of Data Bit (Binary 1or 0) Byte (Character)
Field (Attribute or Column)
Record (Tuple or Row)
File (Table or Relation)
Database

12. Database A self describing collection
of logically related data, organized
to meet the information needs
of multiple users.

13. Database Management System (DBMS)
An integrated set of programs that
facillitate the creation,access
and management of databases.

14. Data Organization Files Databases
Data organized into file structures that are typically application specific and described by data descriptions in programs
Databases
Data organized into structures that are shared and store most of the meta-data with the data itself.

15. Database vs File Systems
Program 1
Meta-Data
Data
Program 2
Meta-Data
Program 3
Meta-Data
DATABASE
Program 1
Meta-
Data
Data
Program 2
Program 3

16. FILE BASED SYSTEMS Advantages Disadvantages Conceptual Simplicity
Easy Backupand Recovery
Fast Batch Processing
Separated and Isolated Data
Data Duplication
Application Dependent
Difficult To Represent User View

17. DBMS BASED SYSTEMS Advantages Disadvantages Integrated Data
Reduced Data Redundancy
Application Independence
Easier Representation of User View
Processing Overhead
DBMS Cost
Requires specialized IS Roles
Data Contention
Organizational Conflict

18. How Databases And DBMS Add Value
Accuracy - DBMS can enforce format rules on data entered.
Flexible - Data can easily be pulled together in a variety of fashions from different tables or files.
Economical - Information can be accessed without the cost of writing new programs.

19. Reliable - Modern DBMS designed for mission critical application usage.
Relevant- Data within tables or databases that is or can be viewed is tailored to specific users or applications.
Simple - Entire table or record does not need to be retrieved to access one field.
Timely - Once data is entered to the system it is immediately available.

20. Verifiable - Reduced data redundancy increases the ease with which data can be verified.
Reusable - Files are not constantly created and deleted in order to extract relevant data.

21. Centralized Vs Distributed Databases
Centralized - All data resides at a single site.
Distributed - Data is stored at multiple sites.
In both cases users usually access data through network.

22. Database Strategies
Stand-alone - Database and applications reside on the user’s machine. No communication with other user machines.
Centralized - Data resides on a central machine along with applications. Best example is a mainframe computer being accessed by dumb terminals.

23. Client/Server
Processing is divided between the user computer (client) and common computers (servers) and devices (such as printers). The intent is to allow each machine to be configured to perform it’s task optimally, allow flexibility and scalability.

24. Two Tiered Vs Three Tiered Client/Server
Two Tiered - Both Data and Applications reside on the same server.
Three Tiered - Data and Applications reside on separate servers that are optimized for the task.

25. Database Servers Vs File Servers
File servers - Treats the server as simply a logical drive of the client. Data transfers are at the file or record level.
Database servers - Transfers are at the field level. Sophisticated selection is available.