1. Introduction to Oracle Spatial Using Public Data
Richard L. Flores
Isinglass, Inc.

3. About Me Schooling in Geology and Business.
15 years working with Geographical Information Systems and Computer Mapping in the Oil & Gas Industry.
16 years working with Oracle, mostly as DBA.

4. Reading Material
Clearly written with wonderful, downloadable examples for you to work through.
Covers most features of Oracle Spatial.

5. Reading Material
Wide ranging topics on the FREE acquisition of data and tools for the processing of geographic data.
Great tips and insight on the field of Electronic Cartography.

6. Agenda Geographic Data Processing Cartography 101
Oracle Spatial Products
Oracle Spatial Basics by Example

7. Geographic Data Processing The Processing Steps
Data Acquisition
Preliminary Data Processing
Data Storage and Retrieval
Graphical Display (Visualization), Analysis, and Interaction.

8. Geogaphic Data Processing Data Acquisition
Sources
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Published and Unpublished
Free and Commercial
Formats
Vector: shapefiles, DLG, DXF, NTF, etc.
Raster: TIFF, GIF, etc.

9. Geogaphic Data Processing Preliminary Data Processing
May Involve
Digitization of paper maps
Vectorization of raster images
Transformation of Mapping Coordinates
Geocoding: calculation of geographic coordinates from street addresses.

10. Geogaphic Data Processing Data Storage and Retrieval
For Oracle
Storage
Use of Oracle’s Geographic Data Model
Database design for the integration of spatial and non-spatial data
SQL and SQL*Loader for loading data in Oracle.
Oracle’s “shapefile” to “SDO” utility.
Retrieval
It all comes down to SQL using Oracle Spatial stored procedures.

11. Geogaphic Data Processing Display, Analysis, and Interaction.
Not many free programs that work with Oracle Spatial directly, unfortunately.
Many commercial programs for displaying and interactively querying and editing Oracle Spatial data such as those from ESRI, Intergraph, MapInfo, Autodesk, eSpatial, and Acquis.

12. Cartography 101 The Shape of the Earth: Some Facts
To accurately place a point on the earth, the general shape of the earth must be known. These shape models are called, datums.
The earth is not flat.1
The earth is not a perfect sphere.
The earth’s general shape is best described by a theoretical surface called a geoid.
For mapping, geoids are approximated by reference ellipsoids. 1
Assertions of the Flat Earth Society notwithstanding.

13. Cartography 101 The Shape of the Earth: North American Datum
Older maps used NAD27
Newer maps use the more accurate NAD83 made using satellites and sophisticated electronic equipment.
Worldwide GPS use a datum compatible to NAD83 called WGS84
The coordinates for a point on the earth can vary significantly depending on the datum used.

14. Cartography 101 Spatial Reference Systems
SRS are coordinate-based systems used to locate geographical entities.
Oracle Geographic SRS Types
Geodetic: Latitude & Longitude
Projected Coordinate Systems: X & Y where globe is mathematically “projected” onto a flat map.

15. Cartography 101 Why are SRS important?
During analysis, if all spatial data is not in the same Spatial Reference System, the geographic layers will not overlay and the analysis will be in error.

16. Cartography 101 Why are SRS important?

17. Cartography 101 Why are SRS important?
During analysis, if an inappropriate Spatial Reference System is chosen, you may introduce unacceptable distortion into your maps.

18. Cartography 101 Why are SRS important?
If you were interested in using a map to measure land areas, you would probably not use this Spatial Reference System.

19. Cartography 101 Geodetic Coordinate System
Latitude/Longitude expressed in Degrees/Minutes/Seconds or Decimal Degrees
Parallels: Lines of latitude North (+) & South (-) of Equator (-90 to +90)
Meridians: Lines of longitude East (+) & West (-) of the Prime Meridian (-180 to +180)
Oracle Uses Decimal Degrees in the odd order, Longitude/Latitude

20. Cartography 101 Geodetic Coordinate System

21. Cartography 101 Projected Coordinate Systems

22. Cartography 101 State Plane Coordinate Systems
Each state has defined SPCS zones which are popular for local- and state-sized areas because of their accuracy.
In General:
“Tall” States, such as NM use the Universal Transverse Mercator Projection.
“Wide” States, such as TX use Lambert Confromal Conic Projection.
California Zone III, 0403
Texas South Central Zone, 4204

23. Cartography 101 Projected Coordinate Systems
Select map projection for display based on:
How you intend to use the data
The size, location, and orientation of the area of interest
The metric property of the map you wish to preserve:
Shape
Area
Distance
Direction
Scale
See erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html

24. Oracle Products Oracle Locator
Includes
Geographic Data Model
Query and Analysis using the Index Engine
Some advanced geometric functions
Free with the Standard or Enterprise Edition

25. Oracle Products Oracle Spatial Option
Includes
All Oracle Locator features
More advanced spatial functions
Location enabling geocoder
Advanced features such as routing, network analysis, and georaster.
Added-cost option with the Enterprise Edition

26. Oracle Spatial General
“An integrated set of functions and procedures that enables spatial data to be stored, accessed, and analyzed quickly and efficiently in an Oracle database.”
A schema (MDSYS) that prescribes the storage, syntax, and semantics of supported geometric data types.
A spatial indexing mechanism
A set of operators and functions for performing area-of-interest queries, spatial join queries, and other spatial analyis operations.
Administrative utilities.

27. Oracle Spatial Some Definitions
Basic Spatial Elements
Point
Line String
N-Point Polygon
There are other, more complex elements, including collections of one or more elements called Geometries.
A Layer is collection of Geometries having similar attributes such a state boundaries, roads, or rivers.

28. Oracle Spatial More on Geometries and Layers
Table, STATES = LAYER
A GEOMETRY (outline) of a state is in a single column of each row.
Arkansas
Arizona
Alaska
Alabama
A GEOMETRY may contain more than one element.

29. Oracle Spatial by Example Scenario
You wish to open an upscale beauty salon in central Contra Costa county, California, catering to wealthier, older women.
You would like to be close to a major thoroughfare for ease of access.
You don’t want to be too close to any competitors.

30. Oracle Spatial by Example Identify Types and Sources of Data Needed to Support Decision
Competitors: Internet Search Engine
Demographic (Age, Gender, Income): U.S. Census Bureau
Roads: U.S. Geological Survey

31. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Table
CREATE TABLE beauty (id NUMBER(38),
name VARCHAR2(100),
full_address VARCHAR2(100),
city_state VARCHAR2(50),
street_number VARCHAR2(10),
street_name VARCHAR2(20),
street_type VARCHAR2(15),
street_prefix VARCHAR2(10),
street_suffix VARCHAR2(10),
city VARCHAR2(40),
state VARCHAR2(2),
postal_code VARCHAR2(16),
location MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY);

32. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Spatial Metadata
INSERT INTO user_sdo_geom_metadata VALUES
('BEAUTY', Geometry Table
'LOCATION', Geometry Column
SDO_DIM_ARRY (
SDO_DIM_ELEMENT ('LONGITUDE', Longitude Text
-180, Lower Boundary
180, Upper Boundary
0.5), Tolerance
SDO_DIM_ELEMENT ('LATITUDE', Latitude Text
-90, Lower Boundary
90, Upper Boundary
0.5) Tolerance ),
(SRID) Datum:WGS84 );

33. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Spatial Index
CREATE INDEX beauty_spatial_idx ON beauty (location)
INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX;
R-Tree Index
These are unlike regular Oracle indexes and special steps must be taken with their administration.

34. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Source
Name ID
NAME
FULL_ADDRESS
CITY_STATE
STREET_NUMBER
STREET_NAME
STREET_TYPE
STREET_PREFIX
STREET_SUFFIX
CITY
STATE
POSTAL_CODE
LOCATION
Extract list of competitors and their addresses from Search Engine.
While very useful, it doesn’t provide any directly mappable data.

35. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Geocoding
The Geocoder will
Standardize Address Name and,
Using a database with the coordinates and street addresses of each intersection,
Interpolate the location of the given address.
Oracle Spatial Option geocoder: added-cost
Third party sells spatial database used to calculate the coordinates

36. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Geocoding
Solution: Use Perl Program against internet geocoding website.
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
# simplest_xmlrpc.pl
use XMLRPC::Lite;
use Data::Dumper;
use strict;
use warnings;
my $where =
or die "Usage: $0 \"1 Main St, Anytown, KS\"\n";
my $result = XMLRPC::Lite
-> proxy( ' )
-> geocode ($where)
-> result;
print Dumper $result;
From Mapping Hacks, Tips & Tools for Electronic Mapping

37. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Geocoding
simplest_xmlrpc.pl “1355 N. Main, Walnut Creek, CA"
$VAR1 = [ {
'number' => '1355',
'street' => 'Main',
'lat' => ' ',
'state' => 'CA',
'city' => 'Walnut Creek',
'zip' => '94596',
'suffix' => '',
'long' => ' ',
'type' => 'St',
'prefix' => 'N' } ];
Name ID
NAME
FULL_ADDRESS
CITY_STATE
STREET_NUMBER
STREET_NAME
STREET_TYPE
STREET_PREFIX
STREET_SUFFIX
CITY
STATE
POSTAL_CODE
LOCATION

38. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: SDO_GEOMETRY Object-Relational Type
UPDATE beauty
SET location =
SDO_GEOMETRY
(2001, Geometry Type: 2-D Point
8307, SRID, Datum: WGS84
SDO_POINT_TYPE
( , -- Longitude
, Latitude
NULL),
NULL,
NULL )
WHERE id = 430;

39. Oracle Spatial by Example Competitor Data: Data Display
Martinez
Orinda
Dublin
Clayton
eSpatial iSmart Explorer free on OTN
OEM Spatial Index Advisor
Oracle Mapviewer
For serious users, many commercial products.

40. Oracle Spatial by Example Non-Spatial Demographic Data: Table
CREATE TABLE census_data (
CENSUS_TRACT VARCHAR2(10)NOT NULL,
MED_HOUSE_INCOME NUMBER(38),
GENDER_TOTAL NUMBER(38),
FEMALE_GE_ NUMBER(38));

41. Oracle Spatial by Example Non-Spatial Demographic Data: Source
CENSUS_TRACT MED_HOUSE_INCOME FEMALE_GE_40 GENDER_TOTAL
* * * * * * *
U.S. Census Bureau
factfinder.census.gov
“Download Center”
Select detailed or summarized data by state, county, and census tract.

42. Oracle Spatial by Example Spatial Census Tract Data: Source
Has geographic boundaries of Census Tracts which can be loaded into Oracle Spatial.
Choose state and “ARCVIEW Shapefile” format to download file for California. These files are sometimes called “ESRI Shapefiles”.

43. Oracle Spatial by Example Spatial Census Tract Data: Pre-processing
shp2sdo utility downloadable from Oracle will create SQL and SQL*Loader data and control files for creating Spatial objects and loading shapefile data into Oracle Spatial.
./shp2sdo.exe tr06_d00 census_tracts -g geom \
-x \(-180,180\) -y \(-90,90\) -s t 0.5 -v
Shapefile Name Prefix
Table Name
Column Name
Longitude Limits
Latitude Limits
SRID
Tolerance
Creates: census_tracts.sql, census_tracts.ctl, census_tracts.dat

44. Oracle Spatial by Example Spatial Census Tract Data: Loading census_tract.sql
DROP TABLE CENSUS_TRACTS;
CREATE TABLE CENSUS_TRACTS (
AREA NUMBER,
PERIMETER NUMBER,
TR06_D00_ NUMBER,
TR06_D00_I NUMBER,
STATE VARCHAR2(2),
COUNTY VARCHAR2(3),
TRACT VARCHAR2(6),
NAME VARCHAR2(90),
LSAD VARCHAR2(2),
LSAD_TRANS VARCHAR2(50),
GEOM MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY);

45. Oracle Spatial by Example Spatial Census Tract Data: Loading
In SQL*Plus:
connect spatial/spatial
@census_tracts.sql
Run SQL*Loader:
sqlldr spatial/spatial census_tracts
EXECUTE SDO_MIGRATE.TO_CURRENT(‘CENSUS_TRACTS’,’GEOM)’

46. Oracle Spatial by Example Spatial Census Tract Data: Display
Census tract outlines.
You can “CREATE TABLE SELECT AS” on state=’06’ and county=‘013’ to get just Contra Costa county.

47. Oracle Spatial by Example Road Data: Source
seamless.usgs.gov
Bureau of Transportation Statistics from U.S. Geological Survey.
shapefiles

48. Oracle Spatial by Example Road Data: Display

49. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Criteria Definition
Within 2 miles of census tracts in which
The Median Household Annual Income is greater then $100K and
Over 30% of the people are women 40 years or older
Within ½ mile of a major road
Not within ½ mile of a competitor

50. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Oracle Spatial Buffers
Original Geometry
Buffered Geometry
Point
Line String
Polygon

51. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Target Census Tract Buffer
CREATE TABLE target_tract_buffer AS
SELECT SDO_AGGR_UNION(SDOAGGRTYPE
(SDO_GEOM.SDO_BUFFER(
a.geom, geometry column
2.00, Distance
0.5,
'arc_tolerance=0.005 unit=mile'), -- Units
0.5)) geom
FROM census_tracts a,
census_data b
WHERE b.census_tract = a.name
AND b.med_house_income >=100000
AND b.female_ge_40/b.gender_total >= 0.30
AND a.state = '06'
AND a.county = '013';

52. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Target Census Tract Buffer
SDO_GEOM.SDO_BUFFER
SDO_AGGR_UNION
Original Points

53. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Target Census Tract Buffer

54. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Major Road Buffer
CREATE TABLE road_buffer AS
SELECT prefix, name, type, suffix,
SDO_AGGR_UNION(
SDOAGGRTYPE(
SDO_GEOM.SDO_BUFFER(
a.geom, geometry column
0.50, Distance
0.5,
'arc_tolerance=0.005 unit=mile'), -- Units
0.5)) geom
FROM roads a
WHERE (name = 'ACALANES' AND type = 'AVE')
OR (name = 'ACALANES' AND type = 'RD')
* * * * * * * *
OR (name = 'YGNACIO VALLEY' AND type = 'RD');

55. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Major Road Buffer

56. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Competitor Buffer

57. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Spatial Operations
Intersection
Minus

58. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Spatial Operations
CREATE TABLE target_site_wocomp AS
SELECT SDO_AGGR_UNION(SDOAGGRTYPE(c.geom,0.5)) geom
FROM (SELECT SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION(
a.geom, b.geom, 0.5) geom
FROM target_tract_buffer a,road_buffer b)
c);

59. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Spatial Operations
CREATE TABLE target_site AS
SELECT SDO_AGGR_UNIION(SDOAGGRTYPE(a.geom,0.5)) geom
FROM (SELECT SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE(
b.geom, c.geom, 0.5) geom
FROM target_sid_wocomp b,competitor_buffer
c) a;
-- Create spatial metadata and index for target_site
-- and target_site_wocomp after creation.

60. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Final Display

61. Oracle Spatial by Example Analysis: Final Display Using ESRI ArcMap

62. Geospatial Data and The Datawarehouse Overlooked Opportunity
"I have always been puzzled by the chasm separating the data warehouse community and the geographic information systems (GIS) community. Very few "conventional" data warehouses exploit their data with a map-driven approach, yet these same data warehouses are rich with geographic entities including addresses, point locations, sales districts, and higher level political geographies."
-- Ralph Kimball
see also,

63. Introduction to Oracle Spatial Using Public Data
Any Questions?