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The Role of Error Map and attribute data errors are the data producer's responsibility, GIS user must understand error. Accuracy and precision of map and.

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Presentation on theme: "The Role of Error Map and attribute data errors are the data producer's responsibility, GIS user must understand error. Accuracy and precision of map and."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Role of Error Map and attribute data errors are the data producer's responsibility, GIS user must understand error. Accuracy and precision of map and attribute data in a GIS affect all other operations, especially when maps are compared across scales.

2 Accuracy closeness to TRUE values compromise on “infinite complexity”
results, computations, or estimates compromise on “infinite complexity” generalization of the real world difficult to identify a TRUE value e.g., accuracy of a contour Does not exist in real world Compare to other sources

3 Accuracy (cont.) accuracy of the database = accuracy of the products computed from database e.g., accuracy of a slope, aspect, or watershed computed from a DEM

4 Positional Accuracy typical UTM coordinate pair might be:
Easting m Northing m If the database was digitized from a 1:24,000 map sheet, the last four digits in each coordinate (units, tenths, hundredths, thousandths) would be questionable

5 Testing Positional Accuracy
Use an independent source of higher accuracy: find a larger scale map (cartographically speaking) use GPS Use internal evidence: digitized polygons that are unclosed, lines that overshoot or undershoot nodes, etc. are indications of inaccuracy sizes of gaps, overshoots, etc. may be a measure of positional accuracy

6 Precision not the same as accuracy! repeatability vs. “truth”
not closeness of results, but number of decimal places or significant digits in a measurement A GIS works at high precision, usually much higher than the accuracy of the data themselves

7 Accuracy vs. Precision

8 Accuracy vs. Precision

9 Components of Data Quality
positional accuracy attribute accuracy logical consistency completeness lineage

10 Lecture 10 Geographic Databases Gateway to Spatial Analysis Chapter 10 up to 10.4, Longley et al.

11 Definitions Database – an integrated set of attributes on a particular subject Geographic (=geospatial) database – set of attributes on a particular subject for a particular geographic area Database Management System (DBMS) – software to create, maintain and access databases

12 A GIS can answer the question: What is where?
WHAT: Characteristics of features (= attributes). WHERE: In geographic space.

13 A GIS links attribute and spatial data
Attribute Data Flat File or DBMS Relationships Topology Table Map Data Point File Line File Area File Topology Type

14 Flat File or DBMS Attribute Attribute Attribute Record Value Record

15 Types of DBMS Models Hierarchical Network Relational - RDBMS
Object-oriented - OODBMS Object-relational - ORDBMS

16 Historically, databases were structured hierarchically in flat files...

17 Relational Databases rule now
2/1/ /4/98

18 Geographic Information System
Role of DBMS Task System Data loading Editing Visualization Mapping Analysis Geographic Information System Storage Indexing Security Query Database Management System “Programmable API” Data

19 Relational DBMS (1) Data stored as tuples (tup-el), conceptualized as tables Table – data about a class of objects Two-dimensional list (array) Rows = objects Columns = object states (properties, attributes)

20 Table Column = attribute Row = object Vector feature

21 Relational DBMS (2) Most popular type of DBMS Commercial systems
Over 95% of data in DBMS is in RDBMS Commercial systems Microsoft Access Microsoft SQL Server Oracle IBM DB2 Informix Sybase

22 Relational Join Fundamental query operation Occurs because
Data created/maintained by different users, but integration needed for queries Table joins use common keys (column values) Table (attribute) join concept has been extended to geographic case

23 Relational Databases 2/1/ /4/98

24 Parts of GIS database tables for U.S states
(A) STATES table; (B) POPULATION table

25 Parts of GIS database tables for U.S states
(C) joined table—COMBINED STATES and POPULATION

26 Tax assessment database
(C) data partially normalized into three subtables Tax assessment database (D) joined table

27 SQL Structured (Standard) Query Language – (pronounced SEQUEL)
Developed by IBM in 1970s Standard for accessing relational databases Three types of usage Stand alone queries High level programming Embedded in other applications

28 Types of SQL Statements
Data Definition Language (DDL) Create, alter and delete data CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX Data Manipulation Language (DML) Retrieve and manipulate data SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT Data Control Languages (DCL) Control security of data GRANT, CREATE USER, DROP USER

29 Spatial Query/Search & Retrieval: Gateway to Spatial Analysis
Overlay is a spatial retrieval operation that is equivalent to an attribute join. Buffering is a spatial retrieval around points, lines, or areas based on distance.

30

31 Overlay Image courtesy of K. Foote/M. Lynch, UT-Austin

32

33

34 Overlay like an attribute join
2/1/ /4/98

35 Types of overlay operations
Union Intersect Identity Max Min Etc.

36 Union computes the geometric intersection of two polygon coverages. All polygons from both coverages will be split at their intersections and preserved in the output coverage.

37 within 25 miles of a city OR within 25 miles of a major river.
Union

38 Intersect computes the geometric intersection of two coverages. Only those features in the area common to both coverages will be preserved in the output coverage.

39 within 25 miles of a city AND within 25 miles of a major river.
Intersect within 25 miles of a city AND within 25 miles of a major river.

40 Identity computes the geometric intersection of two coverages. All features of the input coverage, as well as those features of the identity coverage that overlap the input coverage, are preserved in the output coverage.

41 Identity Union Intersect
Portion of the major city buffer WITHIN the major river buffer Union within 25 miles of a city OR within 25 miles of a major river. within 25 miles of a city AND within 25 miles of a major river. Intersect

42 Intersect Identity

43 Raster Retrieval: Map Algebra
Raster overlay Combinations of spatial and attribute queries can build some complex and powerful GIS operations.

44 Input Grid A Input Grid B Output Grid C
Compared with Input Grid A Input Grid B Output Grid C

45 Buffer

46

47 Recode OR

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49 And many more …. See spatial analysis handout on course web site.


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