1. Ladder Safety

2. Choosing Right Equipment -- Ladder or Scaffold?
Will the job take only a short amount of time?
Does work require side-to-side movement?
Does the work require using tools with both hands?
US&A (v. 2/07)

3. Types of Ladders Straight Ladder Step Ladder Extension Ladder
Max 30’
Max 20’
Max 60’
Combined lengths of section not longer than specified for equivalent non-sectional types
Max 40’
Straight Ladder
Step Ladder
Extension Ladder
Sectional Ladder
Trestle Ladder
Trolley Ladder
Side Rolling
Mason’s Ladder
US&A (v. 2/07)

4. Duty Ratings Type IAA: Special-duty -- 375 lbs
Type IA: Extra heavy-duty lbs
Type I: Heavy-duty lbs
Type II: Medium-Duty lbs (not recommended at UWM)
Type III: Light-Duty lbs (not allowed at UWM)
US&A (v. 2/07)

5. Load Limits
Select a ladder designed to hold the necessary load, including worker and equipment
Do not assume that a longer ladder has a higher duty rating. There is no relationship between length and duty rating.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) requires that a duty rating sticker be placed on the side of every ladder so users can determine if they have the correct type ladder for each task/job.
US&A (v. 2/07)

6. Advantages/Disadvantages
Fiberglass
Strong, lightweight, electrically non-conductive
More expensive than wood or metal
Fiberglass Ladder
US&A (v. 2/07)

7. Advantages/Disadvantages
Metal
Must not be used when working on or near electrical wires
lightweight
US&A (v. 2/07)

8. Advantages/Disadvantages
Wood
Heavier than aluminum or fiberglass
Can rot
Electrically non-conductive
US&A (v. 2/07)

9. Fixed Ladders
Prior to ascending or descending a fixed ladder, examine connections to assure that ladder is properly secured
Fixed ladders are located in the Fine Arts Complex -- Theatre and Recital Hall
US&A (v. 2/07)

10. Ladder Safety Checklist
Check for damage prior to using:
Make sure feet are not broken or malfunctioning and that the slip-resistant pads are secure.
Inspect for cracks, bends & splits on the side rails, rungs & steps.
Make sure both rung locks are working properly.
Test the rope & pulley. Examine rope for any signs of fraying. Make sure the pulley is operating smoothly.
Ensure all bolts and rivets are secure.
Make sure ladder is free of foreign materials such as oil & grease.
Make sure the spreader braces are secure & working properly.
Aluminum or steel ladders should be inspected for rough burrs and sharp edges.
US&A (v. 2/07)

11. Immediately remove ladder from service if inspection finds
Broken or missing steps, rungs or cleats
Broken or damaged side rails
Other faulty equipment such as missing feet, damaged connections, broken rivets
US&A (v. 2/07)

12. Ladder Set-Up Always place ladders on a stable surface Clear debris
Level uneven ground
US&A (v. 2/07)

13. Ladder Set-Up Always assure secure footing
Keep ladder free from mud, grease and other substances which could cause you to slip
Keep area around ladder free from traffic.
US&A (v. 2/07)

14. Ladder Set-Up Always lock or guard door if ladder blocks doorway
US&A (v. 2/07)

15. Ladder Set-Up
Base of straight ladder should be 1 foot away from the surface for every 4 feet to the top
(1:4)
4 feet
1 foot
US&A (v. 2/07)

16. Ladder Set-Up
Don’t place ladder on boxes, barrels or other unstable surfaces to extend height
US&A (v. 2/07)

17. Extension Ladders
Always raise extension ladders so that the upper section overlaps and rests on the bottom section.
The upper section must always overlap on the climbing side of the extension ladder.
US&A (v. 2/07)

18. Extension Ladder Overlap
Extension Ladders should have the proper overlap:
Three foot overlap for 32-foot ladder
Four foot overlap for 32- to 36-foot ladder
Five foot overlap for 36- to 48-foot ladder
Six foot overlap for 48-foot ladder
US&A (v. 2/07)

19. This ladder is not sufficiently extended
Straight Ladder
If a straight ladder is used to climb onto an elevated work station, it will extend at least 3 1/2 feet above the working level.
This ladder is not sufficiently extended
US&A (v. 2/07)

20. Safe Ladder Use Face the ladder when ascending or descending
Both hands should be placed on ladder rails, not on rungs, when ascending and descending
Maintain 3 point contact at all times -- This means both feet and one hand or one foot and both hands
US&A (v. 2/07)

21. Safe Ladder Use Use extra caution while climbing in windy weather
US&A (v. 2/07)

22. Safe Ladder Use
Always climb completely past the landing before stepping over
US&A (v. 2/07)

23. Safe Ladder Use
Don’t “walk” a ladder (rocking from side to side to move)
Don’t use a stepladder as a straight ladder
US&A (v. 2/07)

24. Safe Ladder Use
Don’t carry tools in your hands. (A tool pouch or belt should be used or tools should be hoisted up)
Don’t overreach to either side or lean too far forward or backward
US&A (v. 2/07)

25. Safe Ladder Use
Don’t use a ladder without locking spreader or other device in place
US&A (v. 2/07)

26. Safe Ladder Use Don’t climb using bracing on back legs of step ladder
Don’t attempt to straighten or use a bent ladder made of metal or reinforced plastic--repairs should be made by qualified personnel
US&A (v. 2/07)

27. Safe Ladder Use Don’t Climb using two highest steps or top of platform
US&A (v. 2/07)

28. Safe Ladder Use Don’t use a defective ladder Don’t block a fire exit
Don’t use a ladder as a platform
Don’t use a ladder by more than one person
US&A (v. 2/07)

29. Safe Ladder Use
Don’t use a ladder if you are feeling dizzy, light-headed, are excessively tired, on medication, have recently consumed alcohol or are otherwise temporarily impaired.
US&A (v. 2/07)

30. Ascending and Descending
Always face ladder when ascending, descending and performing work
US&A (v. 2/07)

31. Safe Ladder Use
Keep between the side rails when working --your body should be centered on the ladder so your belt buckle is between the side rails
US&A (v. 2/07)

32. Ladder Storage Store ladders for easy access and inspection.
Store vertically if possible. If not possible, store horizontally supporting ladder at several points to avoid sagging
Protect ladder from heat, weather and corrosive materials
US&A (v. 2/07)

33. Ladder Storage
Do not leave ladders where they may create a tripping or fall hazard for others
US&A (v. 2/07)

34. Lifting and Carrying Lift ladder using legs muscles, not back
Carry holding ladder close to body
US&A (v. 2/07)

35. Lifting and Carrying When carrying ladder:
Balance center of ladder on your shoulder
Position so front end of ladder is above your head and back end is near the ground
US&A (v. 2/07)

36. Lifting and Carrying
When ascending and descending stairs, carry ladder with one hand and hold stair rail with the other hand
US&A (v. 2/07)

37. Lifting and Carrying Set ladder down when opening and closing doors
Take special care when negotiating corners or turning around
US&A (v. 2/07)

38. Lifting and Carrying
When it is necessary for two people to carry a ladder, both should be on the same side of ladder and both people should walk in step.
Spikes, hooks or ladder feet should face toward the rear when ladder is being carried
US&A (v. 2/07)

39. What’s Wrong in this Picture?
US&A (v. 2/07)

40. What’s Wrong in this Picture?
Climb only as high as the 2nd tread from the top on a step ladder and the 3rd rung from the top on a straight ladder.
US&A (v. 2/07)

41. What’s Wrong in this Picture?
Do not sit on the ladder and never sit or stand on the top cap of a step ladder – it is not designed to carry your weight.
US&A (v. 2/07)

42. What’s Wrong in This Picture?
Ladder should be opened fully and locking mechanism engaged prior to ascending
US&A (v. 2/07)

43. Ladders in Construction

44. OSHA Part number 1910
These are just a few of the Federal regulations on ladders
Ladders
Fixed ladders (Walking Surfaces)
Portable wood ladders
Portable metal ladders
US&A (v. 2/07)

45. ANSI Standards
ANSI A Safety Requirements for Portable Wood Ladders ANSI A Safety Requirements for Portable Metal Ladders ANSI A Safety Requirements for Portable Reinforced Plastic Ladders
US&A (v. 2/07)

46. Portable Wood Ladders “Materials" -1910.25(b)(1)
(b)(1)(i) All wood parts shall be free from sharp edges and splinters; sound and free from accepted visual inspection from shake, wane, compression failures, decay, or other irregularities. Low density wood shall not be used.
Gentleman this is cut and paste. If anybody can figure this out please let me in on it.
Wane is a defect in lumber characterized by bark or a lack of wood at a corner or edge
US&A (v. 2/07)

47. Portable Wood Ladders
(c)(2) Portable stepladders. Stepladders longer than 20 feet shall not be supplied. Stepladders as hereinafter specified shall be of three types:
Type I– Industrial stepladder, 3 to 12 feet for heavy duty, such as utilities, contractors, and industrial use.
Type II– Commercial stepladder, 3 to 12 feet for medium duty, such as painters.and light industrial use.
Type III– Household stepladder, 3 to 6 feet for light duty, such as light household use.
This are the types of ladders and somewhere in the regs it tells you can not use a household ladder in construction use. The ladders that you use should be properly marked as being OSHA approved.
Lets face it the stool I built for my granddaughter although very well built, it will not be OSHA approved.
Be aware of your own weight and the ladder load rating.
US&A (v. 2/07)

48. General Requirements. 1910.25(c)(2)(i)
Table 1. In-Line Duty Rating & Type Working Loads (pounds) (Wooden and Metal Ladders)
Extra Heavy Duty - Type IA 300#
Heavy Duty - Type I #
Medium Duty - Type II 225#
Light Duty - Type III 200#
US&A (v. 2/07)

49. General Requirements. 1910.25(c)(2)(i)
(c)(2)(i)(b) A uniform step spacing shall be employed which shall be not more than 12 inches. Steps shall be parallel and level when the ladder is in position for use.
(c)(2)(i)(c) The minimum width between side rails at the top , inside to inside, shall be not less than 11 ½ inches. From top to bottom, the side rails shall spread at least 1 inch for each foot of length of stepladder.
A 12” ladder that is 11 ½” at the top has to be at least 23 ½” at the bottom
US&A (v. 2/07)

50. If this ladder were to be 6’ high and 11 ½” between rails at the top then it has to be 17 ½” between the rails at the bottom
6’ x 1 = 6” + 11 ½” = 17 ½”
US&A (v. 2/07)

51. General Requirements. 1910.25(c)(2)(i)
(c)(2)(i)(c) A metal spreader or locking device of sufficient size and strength to securely hold the front and back sections in open positions shall be a component of each stepladder. The spreader shall have all sharp points covered or removed to protect the user. For Type III ladder, the pail shelf and spreader may be combined in one unit (the so-called shelf-lock ladder).
US&A (v. 2/07)

52. Metal spreader or locking device
Example of pail shelf and spreader combination so called shelf-lock ladder
US&A (v. 2/07)

53. 1910.25(c)(3) "Portable rung ladders."
(c)(3)(ii)(a) Single Ladders longer than 30 feet shall not be supplied.
(c)(3)(iii)(a) Two-section extension ladders longer than 60 feet shall not be supplied. All ladders of this type shall consist of two sections, one to fit within the side rails of the other, and arranged in such a manner that the upper section can be raised and lowered
noun:   one of the crosspieces that form the steps of a ladder. Usually round ones.
US&A (v. 2/07)

54. These are two section ladders
US&A (v. 2/07)

55. 1910.25(c)(3)(iv) "Sectional ladder."
(c)(3)(iv)(a) Assembled combinations of sectional ladders longer longer than lengths specified in this subdivision shall not be used.
(c)(3)(v)(a) Trestle and Extension Trestle Ladder. Trestle ladders, or extension sections sections or base sections of extension trestle ladders longer than 20 feet shall not be supplied.
US&A (v. 2/07)

56. This is a Trestle ladder
US&A (v. 2/07)

57. "Painter's stepladder." 1910.25(c)(4)(ii)(a)
Painters Stepladder. Painters steplad-ders longer than 12 feet shall not be supplied.
Mason’s Ladder. A masons ladder is a special type of single ladder intended for use in heavy construction work. Mason’s ladders longer than 40 feet shall not be supplied.
US&A (v. 2/07)

58. #1 Top Rest #2 Pail Shelve #3 Locking Device #4 Rungs/Cleat/Steps
#5 Brace
#6 Knee Brace
#7 Safety Feet
US&A (v. 2/07)

59. 1910.25(d) "Care and use of ladders" -
(d) (1) – Care . To insure safety and serviceability the following precautions on the care of ladders shall be observed:
US&A (v. 2/07)

60. 1910.25(d) "Care and use of ladders" -
(d)(1)(i) Ladders shall be maintained in good condition at all times,the joint between the steps and side rails shall be tight, all hardware and fittings attached, and the movable parts shall operate freely without binding or undue play.
US&A (v. 2/07)

61. 1910.25(d) "Care and use of ladders" -
(d)(1)(x)
Ladders shall be inspected frequently and those which have developed defects shall be withdrawn from service for repair or destruction and tagged or marked as “ Dangerous, Do not Use.”
(d)(1)(xi)
Rungs should be kept free of grease and oil.
US&A (v. 2/07)

62. 1910.25(d) "Care and use of ladders" -
(d)(1)(ii) Metal bearings of locks wheels, pulleys, etc., shall be frequently lubricated.
(d)(1)(iii) Frayed or badly worn rope shall be replaced.
(d)(1)(iv) Safety feet and other auxiliary equipment shall be keep in good condition to insure proper performance.
US&A (v. 2/07)

63. (d) (2) Use
(d)(2) The following safety precautions shall be observed in connection with the use of ladders:
(d)(2)(I) Portable rung and cleat ladders shall, where possible, be used at such a pitch that the horizontal distance from the top support to the top of the ladder is one-quarter of the working length of the ladder (the length of the ladder between the foot and the top support) The ladder shall be placed as to prevent slipping, or it shall be lashed, or held in position. Ladders shall not be used in a horizontal position as platforms, runways, or scaffolds;
US&A (v. 2/07)

64. US&A (v. 2/07)

65. (d) (2) Use
(d)(2)(ii) Ladders for which dimensions are specified should not be used by more than one man at a time nor with ladder jacks and scaffold planks where use by more than one man is anticipated. In such cases, specially designed ladders with larger dimensions of the parts should be procured;
US&A (v. 2/07)

66. (d) (2) Use
(d)(2)(iii) Portable ladders shall be so placed that the side rails have a secure footing. The top rest for portable rung and cleat ladders shall be reasonably rigid and shall have ample strength to support the applied load;
(d)(2)(iv) Ladders shall not be placed in front of doors opening toward the ladder unless the door is blocked upon, locked, or guarded.
US&A (v. 2/07)

67. (d) (2) Use
(d)(2)(v) Ladders shall not be placed on boxes, barrels, or other usable bases to obtain additional height;
(d)(2)(viii) Ladders with broken or missing steps, rungs, or cleats, broken side rails, or other faulty equipment shall not be used; improvised repairs shall not be made;
US&A (v. 2/07)

68. US&A (v. 2/07)

69. US&A (v. 2/07)

70. US&A (v. 2/07)

71. (d) (2) Use
(d)(2)(ix) Short ladders shall not be spliced together to provide long sections;
(d)(2)(x) Ladders made by fastening cleats across a single rail shall not be used;
(d)(2)(xii) Tops of the ordinary types of stepladders shall not be used as steps;
US&A (v. 2/07)

72. 1910.25(d)(2)(x) Ladders made by fastening cleats across a single rail shall not be used;
US&A (v. 2/07)

73. Actually you are not supposed to step either on the top shelve or the next lower step.
US&A (v. 2/07)

74. (d) (2) Use
(d)(2)(xiii) On two-section extension ladders the minimum overlap for two sections in use shall be as shown in table 1.
Overlap required for two-section extension ladders of various lengths.
The space between two of the steps is considered a section
US&A (v. 2/07)

75. Example overlap of two or more sections on an extension ladder.
US&A (v. 2/07)

76. 1910.25(d) (2) Use Up to and including 36 3
Size of ladder Overlap
(feet) (feet)
Up to and including
Over 36 up to and including
Over 48 up to and including
(d)(2)(xv) No ladder should be used to gain access to a roof unless the top of the ladder shall extend at least 3 feet above the point of support, at eave, gutter, or roofline;
US&A (v. 2/07)

77. US&A (v. 2/07)

78. (d) (2) Use
(d)(2)(xvii) Middle and top sections of sectional or window cleaner’s ladder should not be used for bottom section unless the user equips them with safety shoes;
(d)(2)(xix) The user should equip all portable rung ladders with nonslips bases when there is a hazard of. slipping. Non-slip bases are not intended as a substitute for care in safely placing, lashing, or holding a ladder that is being used upon oily, metal, concrete, or slippery surfaces;
Most ladders today come equipped with the anti-slip feet.
US&A (v. 2/07)

79. Portable metal ladders
• Part Number: 1910
• Part Title:Occupational Safety and Health Standards
• Subpart: D
• Subpart Title: Walking-Working Surfaces
• Standard Number: •.
US&A (v. 2/07)

80. Fixed ladders. • Part Number: 1910
• Part Title:Occupational Safety and Health Standards
• Subpart: D
• Subpart Title: Walking-Working Surfaces
• Standard Number:
US&A (v. 2/07)

81. Portable Metal Ladders 1910.27(a) Design Requirements
(a)(1) Design considerations. All ladders, appurtenances, and fastenings shall be designed to meet the following load requirements:
(a)(1)(I) The minimum design live load shall be single concentrated load of 200 lbs.
US&A (v. 2/07)

82. 1910.27(a) Design Requirements
(a)(1)(ii) The number and position of additional concentrated live-load units of 200 pounds each as determined from anticipated usage of the ladder shall be considered in the design.
(A)(1)(III). The live loads imposed by persons occupying the ladder shall be considered to be concentrated at such points as will cause the maximum stress in the structural member being considered.
US&A (v. 2/07)

83. 1910.27(a) Design Requirements
(a)(1)(iv) The weight of the ladder and attached appurtenances together with the live load shall be considered in the design of rails and fastenings.
(a)(2) “Design stresses” Design stresses for wood components of ladders shall not exceed those specified in All wood parts of fixed ladders shall meet the requirements of (b)
US&A (v. 2/07)

84. 1910.27(a) Design Requirements
(a)(2) For fixed ladders consisting of wood side rails and wood rungs or cleats, used at a pitch in the range 75 to 90 degrees, and intended for use by no more than one person per section, single ladders as described in (c )(3)(ii) are acceptable.
US&A (v. 2/07)

85. 1910.27(b) Specific features 1910.27(b)(1) “Rungs and Cleats.”
(b)(1)(I) All rungs shall have a minimum diameter of three-fourths inch for metal ladders, except as covered in paragraph (b)(7)(I) of this section and a minimum diameter of 1 1/8 inches for wood ladders.
US&A (v. 2/07)

86. (b)(1)(ii)
The distance between rungs, cleats and steps shall not exceed 12 inches and shall be uniform throughout the length of the ladder.
(b)(1) (iii)
The minimum clear length of rungs or cleats shall be 16 inches.
US&A (v. 2/07)

87. (b)(1)(iv)
Rungs, cleats, and steps shall be free of splinters, sharp edges, burrs, or projections which may be a hazard.
(b)(1)(v)
The rungs of an individual-rung ladder shall be so designed that the foot cannot slide off the end .
US&A (v. 2/07)

88. (b)(2)
“Side rails.” Side rails which might be used as a climbing aid shall be of such cross sections as to afford adequate gripping surface without sharp edges, splinters, or burrs.
US&A (v. 2/07)

89. (b)(3)
“Fastenings.” Fastening shall be an integral part of fixed ladder design.
(b)(4)
“Splices.” All splices made by whatever means shall meet design requirements as noted in paragraph (a) of this section. All splices and connections shall have smooth transition with original members and with no sharp or extensive projections.
US&A (v. 2/07)

90. (b)(5)
“Electrolytic action” Adequate means shall be employed to protect dissimilar metals from electrolytic action when such metals are joined.
(b)(6)
“Welding” All welding shall be in 90accordance with the “Code for Welding in Building Construction”(AWSD )
US&A (v. 2/07)

91. 1910.27(b)(5) Portable Metal Ladders
Portable metal ladders shall not be used near electrical conductors nor for electrical arc welding operations.
Construction of portable wood cleated ladders up to 30 feet in length.
US&A (v. 2/07)

92. 1910.27(b)(7)Protection from deterioration
Metal ladders and appurtenances shall be painted or otherwise treated to resist corrosion and rusting when location demands. Ladders formed by individual metal rungs imbedded in concrete, which serve as access to pits and to other areas under floors, are frequently located in an atmosphere that causes corrosion and rusting. To increase rung life in such atmosphere, individual metal rungs shall have a minimum diameter of 1 inch shall be painted or otherwise treated to resist corrosion and rusting.
US&A (v. 2/07)

93. (b)(7)(ii)
Wood ladders, when used under conditions were decay may occur, shall be treated with a nonirritating preservative, and the details shall be such as to prevent or minimize the accumulation of water on wood parts.
US&A (v. 2/07)

94. (b)(7)(iii)
When different types materials are used in the construction of a ladder, the materials used shall be so treated as to have no deleterious effect one upon the other.
US&A (v. 2/07)

95. (c ) (1)
“Clearance”
Climbing side . On fixed ladders, the perpendicular, distance from the centerline of the rungs to the nearest permanent object on the climbing side of the ladder shall be 36 inches for a pitch of 76 degrees, and 30 inches for a pitch of 90 degrees with minimum clearances for intermediate pitches varying between those two limits in proportion to the slope, except as provided in subparagraph (3) and (5) of this paragraph.
US&A (v. 2/07)

96. Nearest object 36” for a pitch of 76 degrees
US&A (v. 2/07)

97. (c )(2)
“Ladders without cages or wells” Ladders equipped with cage or basket are excepted from the provisions of subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph, but shall conform to the provisions of paragraph (1) and (2) of this paragraph, but shall conform to the provisions of paragraph(d)(1)(V) of this section. Fixed ladders in smooth-walled wells are excepted from the provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, but shall conform to the provisions of paragraph (d)(1)(vi) of this section.
US&A (v. 2/07)

98. (c ) (3)
“Ladders with cages or baskets”. Ladders equipped with cage or basket are excepted from the provisions of subparagraph (1) and (2) of this paragraph but shall conform to the provisions of paragraph (d)(1)(v) of this section. Fixed ladders in smooth-walled wells are excepted from the provisions of subparagraph (1) Of this paragraph, but shall conform to the provisions of paragraph (d) (1)(vi) of this section.
US&A (v. 2/07)

99. US&A (v. 2/07)

100. (c )(4)
“Clearance in back of ladder”. The distance from centerline of rungs, cleats, or steps to the nearest permanent object in back of the ladder shall be not less than 7 inches, except that when unavoidable obstructions are encountered, minimum clearances as shown in Fig. D-3 shall be provided.
US&A (v. 2/07)

101. US&A (v. 2/07)

102. 1910.27(c )(5) “Clearance in back of grab bar”
The distance from the centerline of the grab bar to the nearest permanent object in back of the grab bars shall be not less than 4 inches. Grab bars shall not protrude on the climbing side beyond the rungs of the ladder which they serve.
US&A (v. 2/07)

103. (c )(5)
“Clearances in back of grab”. The distance from the centerline of the grab bar to the nearest permanent object in back of the grab shall be not less than 4 inches. Grab bars shall not protrude on the climbing side beyond the rungs of the ladder which they serve.
US&A (v. 2/07)

104. (c )(6)
“Steps-across distance” The step-across distance from the nearest edge of ladder to the nearest edge of equipment or structure shall be not more than 12 inches, or less than 2 ½ inches (fig.D-4
US&A (v. 2/07)

105. US&A (v. 2/07)

106. (c )(7)
“Hatch cover”. Counterweighted hatch covers shall open a minimum of 60 degrees from the horizontal. The distance from the centerline of rungs or cleats to the edge of the hatch opening on the climbing side shall be not less than 24 inches for offset wells or 30 inches for straight wells. There shall be no protruding potential hazards within 24 inches for offsets wells or 30 inches for straight wells. There shall be no protruding potential hazards within 24 inches of the centerline of rungs or cleats shall be fitted with deflector plates at an angle of 60 degrees from the horizontal as indicated in figure D-5. The relationship of a fixed ladder to an acceptable counterweight hatch cover is illustrated in figure D-6.
US&A (v. 2/07)

107. (d)(1)(iii)
Cages shall extend a minimum of 42 inches above the top of the landing, unless other acceptable protection is provided.
(d)(1)(v)
Cages shall extend down the ladder to a point not less than 7 feet nor more than 8 feet above the base of the ladder, with bottom flared not less than 4 inches, or portion of cage opposite ladder, with bottom flared not less than 4 inches, or portion of cage opposite ladder shall be carried to the base.
US&A (v. 2/07)

108. (d)(1)(v)
Cages shall not extend less than 27 nor more than 28 inches from centerline of the rungs of the ladder. Cage shall not be less than 27 inches in width. The inside shall be clear of projections. Vertical bars shall be located at a maximum spacing of 40 degrees around the circumference of the cage; this will give a maximum spacing of approximately 9 ½ inches, center to center.
US&A (v. 2/07)

109. (d)(1)(Vi)
Ladders wells shall have a clear width of at least 15 inches measured each way from centerline of the ladder. Smooth-walled wells shall be a maximum of 27 inches from the centerline of rungs to the well wall on the climbing side of the ladder. Where other obstructions on the climbing side of the ladder. Were other obstructions on the climbing side of the ladder exist, there shall be a minimum of 30 inches from the centerline of the rungs.
US&A (v. 2/07)

110. (d)(2)
“ Landing platforms.” When ladders are used to ascend to heights exceeding 20 feet (except on chimneys), landing platforms shall be provided for each 30 feet of height or fraction thereof, except that, where no cage, well, or ladder safety is provided, landing platforms shall be provided for 20 feet of height or fraction thereof. Each ladder section shall be offset from adjacent sections. Where installation conditions ( even for a short, unbroken length ) require that adjacent sections be offset, landing platforms shall be provided at each offset.
US&A (v. 2/07)

111. (d)(2)(I)
Where a man has to step a distance greater than 12 inches from the centerline of the rung of a ladder to the nearest edge of structure or equipment, a landing platform shall be provided. The minimum step-across distance shall be 2 ½ inches.
US&A (v. 2/07)

112. (d)(2)(ii)
All landing platforms shall be equipped with standards railings and toeboards, so arranged as to give safe access to the ladder Platforms shall be not less than 24 inches in width and 30 inches in length.
US&A (v. 2/07)

113. (d)(2)(iii)
One rung of any section of ladder shall be located at the level of the landing laterally served by the ladder. Where access to the ladder is trough the ladder, the same rung spacing as used on the ladder shall be used from the landing platform to the first rung below the landing.
US&A (v. 2/07)

114. (d)(3)
“Ladder extensions” The side rails of trough or side-step ladder extensions shall extend 3 ½ feet above parapets and landings.For through ladder extensions, the rungs shall be omitted from the extension and shall not have less than 18 nor more than 24 inches clearance between rails. FOR side step or offset fixed ladder section, at landing, the side rails and rungs shall be carried to the next regular rung beyond or above the 3 ½ feet minimum.
US&A (v. 2/07)

115. (d)(4)
“Grab bars “ Gab bars shall be spaced by a continuation of the rung spacing when they are located in the horizontal position. Vertical grab bars shall have the same spacing as the ladder side rails. Grab-bar diameters shall be the equivalent of the round-rung diameters shall be the equivalent of the round-rung diameters.
US&A (v. 2/07)

116. (d)(5)
“ Ladders safety devices” Ladder safety devices may be used on tower, water tank, and chimney ladders over 20 feet in unbroken length in lieu of cage protection. No landing platform is required in these cases. All ladder safety devices such as those that incorporate lifebelts, friction brakes, and sliding attachments shall meet the design requirements of the ladders which they serve.
US&A (v. 2/07)

117. (e)
“Pitch”
“Preferred Pitch” The preferred pitch of fixed ladders shall be considered to come in the range of 75 degrees and 90 degrees with the horizontal.
US&A (v. 2/07)

118. (e)(2)
“Substandard pitch” Fixed ladders shall be considered as substandard if they are installed within the substandard pitch range of 60 and 75 degrees with the horizontal. Substandard fixed ladders are permitted only where it is found to meet conditions of installation. This Substandard pitch range shall be considered as a critical range to be avoided, if possible.
US&A (v. 2/07)

119. (e)(3)
“Scope of coverage in this section” This section covers only fixed ladders within the pitch range of 60 degrees and 90 degrees with the horizontal.
US&A (v. 2/07)

120. (f)
“Maintenance” All Ladders shall be maintained in a safe condition. All ladders shall be inspected regularly, with the intervals between inspections being determined by use and exposure
US&A (v. 2/07)

121. Ladder Safety
NEVER stand on the top two (2) rungs of ladders and NEVER stand on the top step or platform of a ladder. NEVER place a ladder against an unstable surface. Make sure that the locking device is fully secured on extension ladders before using them.
US&A (v. 2/07)

122. Ladder Safety
Unless a ladder is designed for additional weight, only one (1) person should be on the ladder. Go up and down a ladder facing the ladder, taking only one (1) step at a time. Hold the side rails with both hands when climbing up or down a ladder. Do not hold on to the rungs when going up or down a ladder.
US&A (v. 2/07)

123. Ladder Safety
NEVER climb a ladder "one-handed" while carrying something in the other hand. Use a hand line to raise or lower large objects, tools, etc. Keep your body centred between the rails of the ladder and NEVER over-reach when working on ladders. Before using a ladder always check your shoe soles and ladder rungs (or steps) to ensure that they are free of any slippery material (grease, oil, paint, snow, ice, etc.).
US&A (v. 2/07)

124. Ladder Safety
Do not attempt to reach too high as you may lose your balance. Do not use step-ladders or straight ladders horizontally for platforms or scaffolds. Transport ladders with the feet to the rear and the top of the ladder higher than anyone in front of you. Wet wood ladders conduct electricity and should not be used when working on, with or around electrical equipment or electrical power sources.
US&A (v. 2/07)

125. Ladder Safety
NEVER "walk" a stepladder while standing on it. NEVER use makeshift items such as a chair, barrel or box, etc., as a substitute ladder. NEVER place a ladder against a window pane or sash. Fasten a board (do not use nails) across the top of the ladder to give a bearing surface at each side of the window. NEVER slide down the side rails of ladders. NEVER use ladders during strong winds or storms except in emergencies, and then only; when they are securely "tied-off".
US&A (v. 2/07)

126. Common Causes of Ladder Accidents
Complacency about danger.
Over-reaching.
Fatigue.
Placing ladders on object, to gain height.
Too much haste in climbing or descending.
Climbing one-handed carrying something.
Ladder Slipping at base or top.
US&A (v. 2/07)

127. Common Causes of Ladder Accidents
Standing at the very top of a short ladder, rather than getting one long enough for the job.
Hanging tools from ladder rungs, or leaving tools on the top of the stepladder.
Throwing tools to a fellow worker on a ladder.
Placing the ladder at an improper angle.
Using metal ladders in locations where contact with electric wires is possible.
Using worn or damaged ladders.
Failure to secure (tie) the ladder in place.
US&A (v. 2/07)

128. The End
US&A (v. 2/07)