1. Topic Strings
Paragraph Coherence

2. An difficult “easy” passage:
The tasks of stripping, cleaning, and waxing floors may sound trivial, but in circumstances commonly found in the janitorial world require some ingenuity. Not only is the supervising janitor most often asleep, but also the bottles with the various cleaning products have long since lost their labels. Using the wrong product at the wrong time could ruin the floor tile. Science, experimental science, comes to the rescue. Using a different bottled fluid on extra tiles tells something about each one. More experiments reveal their interactions in various combinations. The proper order is recorded for future novice janitors. Then I can safely use my newfound knowledge to strip, clean, and wax the floor -- in the trade, the so-called "strip and re-coat" procedure. To those who scoff that this is not science, I ask them to imagine that the bottled products were instead naturally occurring substances. Then probing their properties would be respected by the scientific community. The essence and power of science lies in its methodology, not in its application.

3. An easy “difficult” passage:
Something has happened to the American male's need to display the signs of stereotypical masculinity that once seemed necessary for survival on the frontier. For a long time, American males were confident in their manhood, sure of their sexual roles and images. Indeed, the rugged frontiersmen never even thought about their masculinity; they were simply men surviving in a dangerous world and dressing the part. Then in the nineteenth century, our ideal male became the cowboy, then the world adventurer, then the war hero. They all were confident of themselves and unselfconsciously dressed their part. But in this century, something happened: Hemingway's heroes, for example, seemed to feel that they had to prove that it was still important to be a man among men, and our image of them is one of a kind of Brooks Brothers ruggedness. They seemed less confident that masculinity had a real function. Now one can detect a new theme: as the male image as conqueror and survivor has lost its value, men have felt free to dress in ways once thought feminine, to wear earrings, even to wear makeup. These signs of a change in the American male's sexual image of himself suggests something deeper than changes in appearance: he is adapting to a world in which image of traditional masculinity is no longer necessary for survival.

4. Many “characters” make a paragraph blurry …
The tasks of stripping, cleaning, and waxing floors may sound trivial, but in circumstances commonly found in the janitorial world require some ingenuity. Not only is the supervising janitor most often asleep, but also the bottles with the various cleaning products have long since lost their labels. Using the wrong product at the wrong time could ruin the floor tile. Science, experimental science, comes to the rescue. Using a different bottled fluid on extra tiles tells something about each one. More experiments reveal their interactions in various combinations. The proper order is recorded for future novice janitors. Then I can safely use my newfound knowledge to strip, clean, and wax the floor -- in the trade, the so-called "strip and re-coat" procedure. To those who scoff that this is not science, I ask them to imagine that the bottled products were instead naturally occurring substances. Then probing their properties would be respected by the scientific community. The essence and power of science lies in its methodology, not in its application.

5. Topic String Types Focused:
Bicine is a potentially useful zwitterionic buffer for use in biochemistry at the physiological pH range ( ) because of its low toxicity. This organic acid has been studied in aqueous systems using potentiometric pH titrations. In these tests, Bicine has been found to have a second stage dissociation constant, further suggesting its potential as a zwitterionic buffer.

6. Topic String Types Chain:
The relationship between steam economy and the overall heat transfer coefficient is shown in Figures 3 and 4. Both graphs show that higher heat transfer coefficients reflect increased steam economy. The steam economy, in turn, reflects the rate and amount of water evaporated. These values are recorded in Table 2.

7. Topic String Types
Mixed

8. Focused, Chained, or Mixed?
In a long-anticipated move, the University has finally decided to join the 21st century and allow students and their parents to pay tuition bills online. The new option is welcome as it should make paying bills far more convenient for the majority of students. Although the decision to send the majority of bills via has both practical and environmental benefits, the University should allow bill payers to receive an old-fashioned paper bill if needed.

9. Focused, Chained, or Mixed?
The peculiarities of the plot, which centers on deviations from the historical and biographical course, determine the overall uniqueness in time in a novel of ordeal. Such a novel lacks the means for actual measurement (historical and biographical), and it lacks any localizing link to particular historical events and conditions. The very problem of historical localization did not exist for the novel of ordeal, because time in such novels is fundamentally psychological.

10. Focused, Chained, or Mixed?
Sulphur dioxide emissions from the Drax power station amount to 336,000 tons per year. These emissions can, however, be reduced by two methods. Flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and fluidized bed combustion can both reduce emissions to allowable levels. Either method results in 90-95% sulphur removal. For example, emissions at Drax are expected to fall to 33,600 tons per year once the plant is fitted with FGD.

11. A Focused Fairy Tale
As a class, write a fairy tale using only Focused Topic Strings.
Easy to write?
But does it get too repetitive?

12. A Chained Fairy Tale
As a class, write a fairy tale using only Chained Topic Strings.
More interesting?
But was writing sometimes difficult, inflexible?

13. A Mixed Fairy Tale:
As a class, write a fairy tale that uses both Focused and Chained Topic Strings.
Best of both worlds?

14. General guidelines: Use all three methods.
Complex/difficult topics may need more “Focused” topic strings.
When possible, limit yourself to 2-3 topic strings per paragraph.