1. Overview of the Internet of Things (IoTs)
Fall 2013
Qian Zhang
FYTGS, HKUST

2. Ice-breaking

3. Course Info Instructor: Qian Zhang
Course web site
contains all notes, announcements, etc. Check it regularly!
Lecture schedule
Wednesday 18:30-21:20 Rm 2406

4. Course Info
The reading materials online for paper reading and student presentation
Check recent research papers from high quality conferences and transactions
Experience networking research through team projects (1-2 students)
Understand what is good research
Hands-on experience in IoT related research
Appreciate team work / collaborations

5. Course Info Grading scheme Paper presentation Homework 20 points
Project points
Presentation points
Final Exam points
Paper presentation
Everyone reviews and presents 1 paper
me ids of 3 papers that you’d like to present by Sept. 28
Submit a review for one paper of your choice before you present the paper (1-2 pages)

6. Course Schedule Introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) (1 week)
RFID: technology and applications (1 weeks)
Wireless and mobile communications (3.5 weeks)
Sensors and wireless sensor networks (3.5 weeks)
Localization technologies (1 week)
Project preparation (1 week)
Student presentation (2 weeks)

7. Outline 1 What’s Internet of Things (IoT) 2 State of the Art of IoT 3
Challenges and Limitation of IoT 4
Future of IoT

8. Starting from the Internet
Internet appears everywhere in the world
but it is still a connection between people and people

9. What is the Internet of Things?
Internet connects all people, so it is called “the Internet of People”
IoT connects all things, so it is called “the Internet of Things”

10. What’s the Internet of Things
Definition
(1) The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances.
------Wikipedia
(2) By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves.
------WSIS 2005
WSIS: World Summit on the Information Society, it’s a pair of conference about information society

11. What’s the Internet of Things
Definition
(3) The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects.
------IoT 2008
(4) “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”.
IoT in 2020
The semantic origin of the expression is composed by two words and concepts: “Internet” and “Thing”, where “Internet” can be defined as “The world-wide network of interconnected computer networks, based on a standard communication protocol, the Internet suite (TCP/IP)”, while “Thing” is “an object not precisely identifiable” Therefore, semantically, “Internet of Things” means “a world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard

12. What’s the Internet of Things
History
1997, “The Internet of Things” is the seventh in the series of ITU Internet Reports originally launched in 1997 under the title “Challenges to the Network”.
1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT
2003, EPC Global founded in MIT
2005, Four important technologies of the internet of things was proposed in WSIS conference.
2008, First international conference of internet of things: The IOT was held at Zurich.
Auto-ID Center focus on EPC-IOT, EPC is Electric Product Code, It’s a family of coding schemes created as a low-cost method of tracking goods using RFID Technology, it generated Auto-ID Lab and EPCGlobal, former one is to do R&D and second one is to set standard and run marketing.
Four important technologies are nano tech , wireless sensor, RFID and smart tech

13. What’s the Internet of Things
From any time ,any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything!
An interesting conclusion

14. What’s the Internet of Things
Characteristics
Ambient
Intelligence
Flexible
Structure
Internet of Things
Event
Driven
This part need to be discussed again
AI: the autonomous and intelligent entities will act in full interoperability & will be able to auto-organize themselves depending on the context, circumstances or environment.
ED is to design the scheme depending on the need
FS means that hundreds and thousands of nodes will be disable and will be set to run.
CAT means that there’s several kinds of media such as vehicle stone that they need different access technologies.
SS is the machine can rend and send by themselves. No need to tell humanbeings
Semantic
Sharing
Complex
Access Technologies

15. Why Internet of Things Dynamic control of industry and daily life
Improve the resource utilization ratio
Better relationship between human and nature
1 and 2 factors are about Resource Efficiency,
Energy conservation is a prerequisite for the Internet of Things. Therefore research producing new knowledge on how to develop more energy efficient electronics will influence the design of all electronics. Concept of energy harvesting will enable larger and larger portions of the consumed energy to be generated by ambient renewable sources available locally thus reducing the losses in long distance energy distribution.
Similar effects will be experienced by road transport and cars. Already today there are hybrid cars available harvesting the kinetic energy of the drive. This, in combination with better and more environmentally friendly energy storage in the future will make electrical vehicles achieve longer range and become more attractive alternatives.
Abundant sensory information will enable unprecedented energy optimised control. Climate control is the most energy consuming activity in modern buildings. The house could adjust the room temperatures according to the personal preferences of those in the room, and avoid heating or cooling rooms excessively without benefits to the inhabitants.
3. is the pollution and disaster avoidance 4.
Forming an intellectual entity by integrating
human society and physical systems

16. Why Internet of Things (ii)
Flexible configuration, P&P…
Universal transport & internetworking
Accessibility & Usability?
1 and 2 factors are about Resource Efficiency,
Energy conservation is a prerequisite for the Internet of Things. Therefore research producing new knowledge on how to develop more energy efficient electronics will influence the design of all electronics. Concept of energy harvesting will enable larger and larger portions of the consumed energy to be generated by ambient renewable sources available locally thus reducing the losses in long distance energy distribution.
Similar effects will be experienced by road transport and cars. Already today there are hybrid cars available harvesting the kinetic energy of the drive. This, in combination with better and more environmentally friendly energy storage in the future will make electrical vehicles achieve longer range and become more attractive alternatives.
Abundant sensory information will enable unprecedented energy optimised control. Climate control is the most energy consuming activity in modern buildings. The house could adjust the room temperatures according to the personal preferences of those in the room, and avoid heating or cooling rooms excessively without benefits to the inhabitants.
3. is the pollution and disaster avoidance 4.
Acts as technologies integrator

17. Things Connected: communicated between physical world and information world

18. Epoch of IOT 2009 2009 2009 2008 2005 1999 Wen Jiabao: sensing China
IBM: Smart Planet, Winning in China
2009
Obama: Business Round Table
2009
IBM: Smart Planet
2008 18
ITU: ITU Internet Reports
2005
MIT: Auto-ID-Center
1999

19. Premier Wen and Sensing China
Premier Wen visited Wuxi in August 7, 2009.
He proposed “Sensing China”.

20. 15-Year Law
1965 Main Frame
1980 PC
1995 Internet
2010 ?…

21. The Application of IoT(1)
Regional Office
Biosensor taken by people
Network
House
Equipment in public place
Application area should be divided by that two
Transportation Vehicle
Virtual Environment

22. The Application of IoT(2)
Scenario: shopping
(2) When shopping in the market, the goods will introduce themselves.
(1) When entering the doors, scanners will identify the tags on her clothing.
(4) When paying for the goods, the microchip of the credit card will communicate with checkout reader.
(3) When moving the goods, the reader will tell the staff to put a new one.

23. The Application of IoT(3)
Scenario: Health Care
Various sensors for various conditions
Example ICP sensor: Short or long term monitoring of pressure in the brain cavity
Implanted in the brain cavity and senses the increase of pressure
Sensor and associated electronics encapsulated in safe and biodegradable material
External RF reader powers the unit and receives the signal
Stability over 30 days so far
New efficient diagnostics combined with nanotechnology enabled lab-on-a-chip technologies open a complete range of novel opportunities for new treatments and prevention of serious diseases. In-vivo equipment will assist in drug dosage closer to the affected organs thus reducing the amount of reagents needed and diminish the risk of adverse effects. It is an established fact that several serious common illnesses like breast cancer, cardio-vascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease have genetic components. It is also known that successful treatment depends on early detection.
Biodegradable materials will offer the possibility to place temporary sensors and lab-on-a-chip equipment on the patient, or in the patient. Temperature and humidity can be measured inside a cast to prevent skin problems. Antigens may be detected on transplanted organs to help prevent rejection. Intelligent micro-robots may be guided to bring drugs to the infected areas by ex-vivo remote guidance, and assist in the diagnosis providing located measurements of vital parameters.
Furthermore, this new sort of personal medical equipment will enable the patient to stay longer and safer at home since the equipment itself can alarm the hospital in case of critical situations, or the patient can be relieved from the hassle of routine checks when there is nothing wrong. Medical research will advance on data from patients living normal lives and not like guinea pigs in hospitals. Telemedicine may replace costly travel and reduce patient stress.

24. The Application of IoT(3)
Scenario: Health Care
National Health Information Network, Electronic Patient Record
Home care: monitoring and control
Pulse oximeters, blood glucose monitors, infusion pumps, accelerometers, …
Operating Room of the Future
Closed loop monitoring and control; multiple treatment stations, plug and play devices; robotic microsurgery
System coordination challenge
Progress in bioinformatics: gene, protein expression, systems biology, disease dynamics, control mechanisms

25. The Application of IoT(4)
Scenario: Intelligent Home
Remote monitor for smart house
Remote control for smart appliance
Maintaining a comfort temperature and heating of water are the most energy consuming tasks of the house with huge potentials for energy conservation, and as a consequence a significant positive impact on the environment. This is further discussed under environmental aspects and resource efficiency below
There will be robots taking care of the house, performing routine works such as cleaning or maintenance. These will collaborate autonomously with the house sensors, and the house control. The intelligent appliances will collaborate to conserve energy, and to signal need for new supplies of food, detergents, maintenance, etc. Some of which may be satisfied automatically by the maintenance robot. This will take away some of today’s tedious housekeeping activities.

26. The Application of IoT(5)
Scenario: Transportation
A network of sensors set up throughout a vehicle can interact with its surroundings to provide valuable feedback on local roads, weather and traffic conditions to the car driver, enabling adaptive drive systems to respond accordingly
This may involve automatic activation of braking systems or speed control via fuel management systems. Condition and event detection sensors can activate systems to maintain driver and passenger comfort and safety through the use of airbags and seatbelt pre-tensioning
Sensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on driving conditions, driver behaviour and facial indicators can interact
to ensure safe driving by activating warning systems
or directly controlling the vehicle
When there is a queue, the first cars may tell the cars behind if there is an accident or just too much traffic, and this will eventually make intelligent navigation systems re-plan the route of cars programmed to go down already saturated roads. The cars may help the driver to keep safe distance to the car in front, and may refuse dangerous actions like speeding if the weather conditions are unsafe or overtaking if the oncoming car goes too fast. The cars can go by autopilot on highways reducing the risk of fatigue related accidents.
Cars will also be able to maintain themselves, calling for the appropriate service based on the self diagnosis of the problem and ensuring that the right replacement parts are in stock. The car will plan the time of service according to the diaries and preferences of the usual driver to minimise the petulance of their lives, and make sure that there is a substitute car available if there would be a need for it.

27. The Application of IoT(5)
Scenario: Transportation
In 2005, 30 – 90 processors per car
Engine control, Break system, Airbag deployment system
Windshield wiper, Door locks, Entertainment system
Cars are sensors and actuators in V2V networks
Active networked safety alerts
Autonomous navigation
Future Transportation Systems
Incorporate both single person and mass transportation vehicles, air and ground transportations.
Achieve efficiency, safety, stability using real-time control and optimization.

28. Scenario : Monitoring the Environment
The Application of IoT(6)
Scenario : Monitoring the Environment

29. Life in IoT Era ITU has described the scene of IoT era as follows
The car will generate alarm automatically if the driver has made any mistake during the operation;
The bag will send out reminder message if the owner forgot bring something;
The cloth will tell the washing-machine about its requirement for the water temperature;
Life will be changed completely with the technology of IoT

30. 4 Layers Model for IoT Integrated Application Layer Management Layer
Information Application
Management Layer
Information Processing
Network Construction Layer
Information Transmission
Sense and Identification Layer
Information Generation

31. More on 4 Layers Model Integrated Application Information Processing
Smart Logistic
Smart Grid
Green Building
Smart Transport
Env. Monitor
Information Processing
Data Center
Search Engine
Smart Decision
Info. Security
Data Mining
Network Construction
WWAN
WMAN
Internet
WPAN
WLAN
Sensing and Identification
GPS
Smart Device
RFID
Sensor
Sensor

32. Enabling Technologies
State of the Art of IoT
Enabling Technologies
RFID
Sensor
Smart Tech
Nano Tech
To identify and track the data of things
To collect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of things
To enhance the power of the network by devolving processing capabilities to different part of the network.
To make the smaller and smaller things have the ability to connect and interact.
More than four several technologies
machine-to-machine interfaces and protocols of electronic communication
microcontrollers
wireless communication
RFID
Energy harvesting technologies
sensor technology
Location technology
Software
IPv6

33. Sensor Technology
The ability to detect changes in the physical status of things is essential for recording changes in the environment.
Wireless sensor technology play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the physical and virtual worlds, and enabling things to respond to changes in their physical environment. Sensors collect data from their environment, generating information and raising awareness about context.
Example: sensors in an electronic jacket can collect information about changes in external temperature and the parameters of the jacket can be adjusted accordingly
Add more sensor technology

34. State of the Art of IoT Research Groups 1 2 3
MIT Auto-ID Lab & EPC Global.
Stanford University
Georgia Institute of Technology
Cambridge Univ
EPFL & ETH Zurich
Information and Communication Systems Research Group
Chemnitz University of Technology
VSR Group
Nokia
SAP
IBM
GOOGLE
AMBIENT
Metro Group
Siemens
Sun
Cisco GE
Need to improve about the research groups and projects

35. State of the Art of IoT
Diagram of the whole system of IoT business and R&D
Add some content of economic system of IoT and what it related with other part of society

36. The Challenge of IoT Total challenge of IoT
Technological Standardization in most areas are still remain fragmented.
managing and fostering rapid innovation is a challenge for governments
privacy and security
Absence of governance
Absence of governance is the first main challenge
One major barrier for the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things technology is the absence of governance. Without an impartial governing authority it will be impossible to have a truly global “Internet of Things”, accepted by states, companies, trade organizations and the common people. Today there is not a unique universal numbering scheme as just described: PCglobal and the Ubiquitous Networking Lab propose two different, non-
compatible ways of identifying objects, and there is the risk to have them competing in the coming future over the global market. There is also the need of keeping governance as generic as possible, as having one authority per application field will certainly lead to overlap, confusion and competition between standards. Objects can have different identities in different contexts so having multiple authorities would create a kind of multi-homing, which can lead to disastrous results.

37. The Challenge of IoT
How to convincing users that the IoT technology will
protect their data and privacy when tracking
Potential Solutions
Privacy and security
In order to have a widespread adoption of any object identification system, there is a need to have a technically sound solution to guarantee privacy and the security of the customers. While in many cases the security has been done as an add-on feature, it is the feeling that the public acceptance for the IoT will happen only when the strong security and privacy solution are in place. This could be hybrid security mechanisms that for example combine hardware security with key diversification to deliver superior security that makes attacks significantly more difficult or even impossible. The selection of ssecurity features and mechanisms will continue to be determined by the impact on business processes; and trade-offs will be made between chip size, cost, functionality, interoperability, security, and privacy. The security and privacy issues should be addressed by the forthcoming standards which must define different security features to provide confidentiality, integrity, or availability services. There are also a range of issues related to the identity of people. These must be dealt with in politics and legislation, and they are of crucial importance for the efficient public administrations of the future. Although many of the proposed technologies are based on RFID or smart systems, they will not be discussed in this report whose focus is on objects and things and the related technological and application challenges.
Legal & Regulatory
Technical Control
Market
Self-regulation
Social Ethic

38. IoT and WSN × WSN is IoT， IoT aka WSN  IoT ＝ WSN
× IoT aka RFID + PerCom
√ IoT is not WSN  IoT ≠WSN
IoT contains WSN  IoT ≥WSN
在需要配一张图（另一张PPT）？

39. IoT and WSN Things are diverse
They might be individual like water, soldiers, trees…
They also be a set of individuals like ocean, battlefield, forest, …
嵌入化（embedded）
传感器是一种物理装置或生物器官，能够探测、感受外界的信号、物理条件(如光、热、湿度)或化学组成(如烟雾)，并将探知的信息传递给其他装置或器官。如果把物联网比作人，那么传感器就像人体的五官。
数据化（data-intensive）：
美国曾预测，到2020年，物联网业务量与人与人之间的通信业务量相比，将是30：1的差距。
在这个整合的网络当中，存在能力超级强大的中心计算机群，能够对整合网络内的人员、机器、设备和基础设施实施实时的管理和控制。

40. IoT and WSN
嵌入化（embedded）
传感器是一种物理装置或生物器官，能够探测、感受外界的信号、物理条件(如光、热、湿度)或化学组成(如烟雾)，并将探知的信息传递给其他装置或器官。如果把物联网比作人，那么传感器就像人体的五官。
数据化（data-intensive）：
美国曾预测，到2020年，物联网业务量与人与人之间的通信业务量相比，将是30：1的差距。
在这个整合的网络当中，存在能力超级强大的中心计算机群，能够对整合网络内的人员、机器、设备和基础设施实施实时的管理和控制。
We concern not only about water, tree and soldier, but also about ocean, forest and battlefield.

41. IoT and WSN
海洋监测
森林管理
战场指挥
So we have ocean monitoring, Forest management, battlefield control.

42. To Connect digital world and physical world
When WSN is Used
To Connect digital world and physical world
Digital World
Sensed
data
Sensed
data
Sensed
data
Sensed
data
Sensed
data
Sensed
data
Physical World

43. IoT and CPS CPS Internet or Cyber world C1 C2 Cn IoT P1 P2 Pn
C=C1 ∨ C2 ∨ ∨ Cn
P=P1 ∨ P2 ∨ ∨ Pn

44. IoT and Pervasive Computing

45. CPS and Pervasive Computing
吕建老师的看法（2009年12月31日）:都是一个东西，是一个人-机-物和谐系统，放大了就是smart planet;中等规模的就是CPS;粒度再小一些就是pervasive system或者是Embedded system.
All such buzzwords refers to the same balloon. When it is blasted to large size, it is called Smart Planet; when to middle size, it is called CPS; When to small size, it is called pervasive or embedded system.

46. Internet of Things vs. Cloud Properties

47. Internet of Things, Cloud and Services
Internet of Things enables
High-resolution management
Real-world control
Adaptive processes
IoT Issue
Possible Solution
Heterogeneity
Services as abstraction layer
Application Development
Mash-up of services
Solution Deployment
Support through XaaS models
Producing a lot of data
Processing of large data quantities in the cloud
IoT, Cloud, and Services are complementary aspects of a Real World Internet

48. 2 Examples
For the public and the society
For business and enterprises

49. Example 1: Pachube
"The Internet of Things Real-Time Web Service and Applications"
Platform to connect sensors and other hardware
Platform to build IoT services and applications
RESTful APIs

50. After the Fukushima Disaster on Pachube

51. Many People Connected Radiation Sensors…

52. Cool, but … Data quality of various sources Unit jungle:
Accuracy of each data point
Sensor reliability and availability
Time of measurement
Important for trust!
Unit jungle:
nGy/s, mSv/h, 􀈝Sv/h, Bq/kg, cpm …
Sometimes misleading, sometimes just hard to compare…
Mix of data sources
Real sensors
Virtual sensors (data scraping from web pages, e.g.,

53. Business Web A Platform and Marketplace for Business Services
The Business Web is a cloud-based business environment that provides access to the necessary infrastructure, applications, content, and connectivity to deliver end-to-end business services optimized for mobility and ease of participation

54. Business Web: First-class Internet of Things Integration

55. M2M Scenario – Ice Cream Cabinets
The application provides consumer products companies with detailed information about the location and status of its ice cream cabinets.
This information can be used to find these cabinets, supply them with new ice cream in time, and monitor their temperature in order to avoid ice cream becoming bad due to a defective ice cream cabinet.
The ice cream cabinets become smart items that monitor their energy consumption, send alarms, and become an active part in the companies operation processes as well as sustainability efforts.

56. IoT Configuration 2.5 million ice cream cabinets Sensing
Worldwide distributed
Biggest growth markets: China and India
Sensing
Need to refill
Avoid stock-outs
Location
Reliably find and refill
Temperature / power outage
Detect failures and avoid product loss
Behavioral statistics
Conclude conversion rate
Estimated business value: >5% increased sales

57. IoT Integration into Business Processes
3rd Party Supplier
Roles and processes
CPG Backend
Operational BI on supply chain efficiency
User behavior monitoring and campaign efficiency
3rd Party Supplier
Dispatcher: Improved planning of daily logistics processes
Get refill priorities and alarms on power outage and temperatures
Truck Driver: Guidance and real-time integration into process
Store Owner
Push alarms to store owners for immediate actions
Resolve power outage / close lid to save energy
Consumer
Guidance to next ice cream cabinet (source of happiness)
Consumer
Augmented
Reality App:
Guide me to the next ice cream
opportunity

58. Business Value Ice Cream Business is a 60+ billion market
Highest margin business in food CPG
10.5%
Unilever
10+ billion in ice cream sales
Market leader in out-of-home ice cream business
30% market share
2/3 is out-of-home business
ICC scenario estimated benefit is 45 million additional profit per year
Phase 1: Pilot
500 ICCs in Germany, 50 mobile users
Phase 2:
ICCs in Germany, users
Phase 3:
Replacing ICCs yearly world wide.

59. Short Summary
Internet of Things, Cloud Computing and Services are all aspects of a (Future) Internet
Strengths of each can and should be combined
Examples of successful combinations exist
Both in the public and the business domain
We are at the beginning of an interesting journey
Many challenges still lie ahead

60. Road is Difficult, but Future is Bright
Any TIME
Any PLACE
Any THING