1. EQ: How did colonization efforts vary among the Spanish, the French, and the English in the New World?
Spanish settlement north of New Spain was slow
1598, settlers led by Juan de Onate pushed north of the Rio Grande River
Area north of New Spain called New Mexico
Few Spaniards settled in the region
The Catholic Church began to colonize the Southwest to spread Christian faith to Navajo and Pueblo peoples of the Southwest

2. 1769, Franciscan missionaries led by father Junipero Serra took control of California
CA priests and missionaries forced the native populations to live in villages near the missions
New Mexico; priests and missionaries adapted to attempt to fit in with lifestyle of the Pueblo but also wanted to end traditional religious practice
Pueblo religious leader, Pope’ organized an uprising in 1680, destroyed most of the missions in NM

3. Spanish American Society
Cortes gave his men control over some of the towns within the Aztec Empire starting the enconmienda system
Each deserving Spaniard was made a (encomendero) commissioner- control over a group of villages
Villages paid a share of their harvest and worked part-time for free for the encomendero, who was to provide protection and convert them to Christianity
Abused power, worked natives to death
New Spain structured society based on birth, income, and education

4. Peninsulares, born in Spain
Criollos- born in colonies to Spanish parents-
Mestizos- people of Spanish and Native American parents (frontier of inclusion)-
Labor
1540s Spanish discovered silver in northern Mexico- mining camps used Native American labor
To feed miners, Spanish established large cattle ranches = haciendas

5. Columbian Exchange From America to Europe:
-corn, peppers, cocoa, beans, disease (syphilis), tobacco, squash and pumpkins, tomatoes, peanuts, and potatoes
From Europe to America:
-horses, pigs, cattle, disease (small pox, flu, measles), honeybees, bananas, coffee, citrus fruit, grains, sugarcane, and West African slaves

6. New France
1524; King Francis I sent Giovanni da Verrazano to find a Northwest Passage- northern route thru North America to the Pacific,
Verrazano found no passage on Atlantic Coast from NC to Newfoundland
1534; Jacques Cartier explored and mapped the St. Lawrence River
1602; King Henry IV of France allowed a group French merchants to create a colony
1608; Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec- capital of New France
New France grew slowly- most fur traders made homes among Native Americans (frontier of inclusion)

7. 1663; King Louis XIV made New France a royal colony
1673 fur trader Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette found the Mississippi River
1682 Rene-Robert Cavelier de la Salle followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico- claimed the region for France, named the area Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV
First permanent French settlement in Louisiana was Biloxi in 1699
French needed large labor source- imported enslaved Africans to work plantations

8. Spanish founded St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 to stop French attempts to settle the Carolinas
St. Augustine prospered and became the first permanent town est. by Europeans in area that would become the US
Spanish build a mission in East Texas, San Francisco de los Tejas in to hold Spain’s claim and block French expansion into East Texas

9. John Cabot- 1479, searched coast of North America for sea route to China, found no valuable resources to encourage migration
Late 1500s religious, economic, and political change led to England establishing colonies in North America

10. Protestant Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church controlled most of Western Europe until 1517
Martin Luther, German monk published an attack on the Church, accusations of corruption
Luther called for reform  Protestant Reformation

11. English citizens were divided over the newly established Church of England headed by King Henry VIII
Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church of the Catholic elements
Puritan setback, 1600s, James I became king, King James was Protestant, refused any changes to the structure of the Anglican Church
This made many Puritans leave England for America

12. Economic Change
1500s English landowners made more profit by evicting tenants, enclosing the land, raising sheep
1000s of tenant farmers homeless and poor
England’s population
Needed colonies to provide land and work for the growing # of unemployed
To sell woolen products merchants joined together and issued stock = some organized joint stock companies
By combining and selling stock, raise large amounts of capital to fund major projects such as establishing colonies around the world

13. England Turns to America
Looking to engage in the Asia trade, English merchants continued to look for a water route through North America to Asia
Also due to a growing competition with Spain
-Strongest Protestant nation (England) vs the strongest Catholic nation (Spain)
Spain moved to suppress Protestantism in the Netherlands, English Queen Elizabeth I authorized English privateers to attack Spanish shipping in the Caribbean
Needed outposts

14. 1578 & 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted and failed to establish a colony
Walter Raleigh sent to survey the coastline of North America
Found coast of present day N.C. found island called Roanoke, named the colony: Virginia
Raleigh sent settlers to Roanoke Island in and again in 1587
First group went back to England after a hard winter
The second group had disappeared by the time English ships returned in 1590
The cause of the delay in sending ships back to Roanoke was due to the Spanish Armada

15. Spanish Armada Spanish Armada sailed from Spain July, 1588
The Armada was to overthrow protestant England led by Queen Elizabeth I
Spain controlled the Spanish Netherlands
Holland wanted independence, Protestants living in secret
Spain used secret religious police called the Inquisition to hunt for Protestants
Under Elizabeth England helped the Dutch Protestants in Holland
If King Philip II of Spain had England, he could control the English Channel

16. Spanish troops in the Spanish Netherlands could be easily re-supplied
English “Sea Dogs” were taking/sinking Spanish silver ships in the Caribbean-
1587, Mary Queen of Scots was executed under order by Queen Elizabeth-
The Armada was not a secret
Armada sailed July 19, 1588 – 130 ships
Armada faced little opposition as it sailed on Cornwall, England July 29, 1588

17. London had warning that the Armada was nearing the English coastline
Armada in the English Channel, it was attacked by Sir Francis Drake doing little damage
Armada low on ammunition- trapped in the English Channel- sailed north to Scotland- encountered an epic storm- lost many ships
Spain no longer had a naval advantage over the English