1. European Exploration Factors that allowed the Old World to meet the New

2.  Renaissance movement created an outburst of scientific activity in the 15 th and 16 th centuries  Compass  Major improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking  Printing press – spread knowledge across Europe Improvements in Technology

3.  Protestant Reformation  Certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the Pope  Caused tensions with the Catholic citizens  Wanted to spread their own versions of Christianity Religious Conflicts

4.  Conflict between Ottoman Turks and northern Europeans stopped trade along the land route to Asia  Other routes?  Sail along the West African coast and around the Cape of Good Hope – Portuguese captain Vasco da Gama was first to reach India via this route  Spain endorsed Columbus’ idea that the shortest route would be west Expanding Trade

5.  Explorers and conquerors (conquistadores) such as Balboa, Magellan, Cortes, Pizzaro secured Spain’s supremacy in the New World  Conquistadores sent ships heavy with gold and silver back to Spain  Spain instituted the encomienda system, giving grants and natives to individual Spaniards  These Indians had to work in the fields or in mines Spanish Exploration and Conquest

6.  Used as laborers  Many natives who did not die from disease, died from forced labor  Rigid class system developed  Spanish treated natives harshly Spanish Treatment of Native Americans

7.  England had been to North America before with John Cabot who explored Newfoundland in 1497  Religious issues preoccupied England and they did not return until 1587 when Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island English Claims

8.  At first, English settlers and natives worked and lived together  Tensions grew and the English began to show their lack of respect toward the “savages”  Natives began to see their way of life threatened as more and more settlers came to their lands  Wars broke out  English wanted to expel the natives rather than subjugate them English Treatment of Native Americans

9.  Like the English, the French were slow to colonize in the Americas  First permanent settlement was established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 at Quebec near the St. Lawrence River  They quickly extended their claim through the Mississippi Basin French Claims

10.  Viewed natives as potential economic and military allies  Maintained good relations with the tribes throughout the St. Lawrence Valley, the Great Lakes region, and along the Mississippi River  Exchanged French goods for beaver pelts and other furs  French did not have large towns or farms so they did not pose a threat to the natives French Policy towards Native Americans

11.  In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up a broad river which would later be named for him, the Hudson River  This expedition established Dutch claims to the surrounding area that would become New Amsterdam (later New York) Dutch Claims