1. THE RISING TIDE OF FASCISM

2. Fascism ■Fascism: political ideology that emphasizes national and racial superiority with a centralized, autocratic government ruled by a dictator. Fascism first arose in Italy under Benito Mussolini and later Germany, Spain and Japan had fascist governments. It has been argued that the appeal of fascism is its simple answers to complex questions and its strategy of finding scapegoats for the problems of millions.

3. Basic Elements of Fascism ■Extreme Nationalism: Fascist leaders demand unquestioning loyalty and service to the nation. They see the world in terms of good and evil and they are on the side of good. They also have a sense of superiority to others, which often involves returning a failed nation back to its glory (Mussolini constantly spoke of the greatness of Ancient Rome). Linked closely to extreme nationalism is the idea of racial purity. Many fascists believe that intermarriage and multiculturalism weaken a country and therefore promote separation of races. ■Racial Purity: Closely aligned to the sense of nationalism is the concept of racial purity. Many fascists believe that intermarriage and ideas such as multiculturalism weaken and corrupt a nation. Fascists promote separation of races and classes. ■Dictatorship: Fascist leaders demand absolute obedience to their wishes. Citizens must swear loyalty to the leader of the country who represents the entire power of the nation. Mussolini proclaimed himself IL Duce (The Leader) and Hitler became Der Fuhrer (The Leader).

4. Basic Elements of Fascism ■Military Strength & War: Fascists believe pacifism is a weakness and aggressive behavior a virtue. They view people who compromise as weak and lacking in courage. Success in war is the only true test of a nation’s greatness. They dislike the principles of democracy though they are willing to use democratic freedoms to win power. However, once in power fascists put an end to democratic structures. ■Economic Self-Sufficiency: The goal of fascist countries is to develop its resources and depend as little as possible on imports (self-sufficiency). As a result fascist countries sought other regions for their resources. The economy although still owned by private individuals, had to be directed by the government in the interests of the nation.

5. Basic Elements of Fascism ■Devotion to a leader: Fascists parties promote the cult of the leader, and absolute obedience to that persons wishes. Fascists swear loyalty to one person who becomes the voice of the entire nation and represents the entire power of the nation. Hitler become Der Fuher, and Mussolini proclaimed himself Il Duce. ■Creation of Scapegoats: Tragically, much of fascisms appeal is based on the identification, hatred and oppression of scapegoats. Scapegoats are group of people, or individuals unjustly blamed for the nations failures and problems. The defeat of Germany in WWI was often blamed on communists, the Weimar politicians (more on this later) and Jews. Using Jews as a scapegoat was not new in Germany where there existed a long history of anti-Semitism (hatred toward Jews) but Hitler and the Nazis would turn scapegoat rhetoric against Jews into actions and laws stripping them of any human rights, and eventually leading to the Holocaust.

6. Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 The Spanish Civil War started in July 1936. It was between the leftist Republicans, who were in government at the time, and the Nationalists. The right wing Nationalists were led by the army and had the support of the Catholic Church, monarchists and large landowners. The war itself was extremely horrific. There was a considerable amount of interference from other countries mainly because the war was a fight between the left and right factions. The fascist governments of Germany and Italy gave their support to the Nationalists under General Franco. It became a war of ideologies- a fascist party overthrows a legitimate and elected government, Mussolini and Hitler support General Francisco Franco with tanks and guns, and Stalin supports with weapons as well.

7. Japanese Aggression in Asia ■Belief that Japan’s emperor is a living God and the country’s divine mission is to rule China ■Japan wants more territory and the resources that go with it. In 1937 skirmishes in China turn into full on war. ■Japan defeats China easily, destroying Shanghai and Nanking. ■The war front is brutally violent, Japanese soldiers on a rampage of murder and rape. The underlying reason is that the Japanese did not see these victims as people, they were desensitized and thought the Chinese were subhuman. ■Father Dubai (From Quebec) shelters many Chinese refugees inside his church- he is hailed as a hero- saving more than 400 people. ■The war goes on for 7 years and kills more than 20 million people- this is anther prelude to WWII.

8. FASCIST ITALY

9. Benito Mussolini ■In 1902, Benito Mussolini moved to Switzerland to promote socialism, and quickly gained a reputation for his magnetism and remarkable rhetorical talents. In 1904, Mussolini returned to Italy and continued promoting a socialist agenda. He was briefly imprisoned and, upon release, became editor of the organization's newspaper, Avanti (meaning "Forward"), which gave him a larger megaphone and expanded his influence. ■The Break with Socialism and Rise to Power: Mussolini initially condemned Italy's entry into World War I, but soon saw the war as an opportunity for his country to become a great power. After the war, Mussolini resumed his political activities, criticizing the Italian government for weakness at the Treaty of Versailles. He organized several right-wing groups into a single force and, in March 1919, formed the Fascist Party—the movement proclaimed opposition to social class discrimination and supported nationalist sentiments, hoping to raise Italy to levels of its great Roman past.

10. Mussolini ■Capitalised on public discontent and Economic Difficulties: Italy was impoverished and in a state of chaos following World War I. Inflation (an increase in prices and decrease in the value of money) was second only to the hyperinflation experienced by Germany ■Weakness of Coalition Governments: In March 1919, Mussolini formed the Fascist Party, galvanising the support of many unemployed war veterans. He organised them into armed squads known as Black Shirts, who terrorised their political opponents. In 1921, the Fascist Party was invited to join the coalition government. ■By October 1922, Italy seemed to be slipping into political chaos. The Black Shirts marched on Rome and Mussolini presented himself as the only man capable of restoring order. King Victor Emmanuel invited Mussolini to form a government. Mussolini gradually dismantled the institutions of democratic government and in 1925 made himself dictator, taking the title 'Il Duce'. He set about attempting to re-establish Italy as a great European power. The regime was held together by strong state control and Mussolini's cult of personality. ■Fears of Socialism and Communism: Many Italian people support Mussolini because he gave them nationalistic pride and provided an outlet and support for the disillusioned. There was a growing fear of Communism, and Fascism was preferable to a Communist Regime. Italians did not want to see what happened in Russian (Stalin) happen in Italy so they turned to fascism.

11. March on Rome ■Mussolini organized a para-military unit known as the "Black Shirts," who terrorized political opponents and helped increase Fascist influence. By 1922, as Italy slipped into political chaos, Mussolini declared that only he could restore order and was given the authority. He gradually dismantled all democratic institutions, and by 1925, had made himself dictator. To his credit, Mussolini carried out an extensive public works program and reduced unemployment, making him very popular with the people. ■March on Rome: October, 1922 Benito Mussolini and his Black Shirts (Mussolini's followers) march on Rome to defend it from the threat of Communists. There was no threat but he hoped the sight of his Black Shirts would frighten the government into giving him power. It did. ■King Victor Emmanuel invited Mussolini to form a government. Mussolini gradually dismantled the institutions of democratic government and in 1925 made himself dictator, taking the title 'Il Duce'. He set about attempting to re- establish Italy as a great European power.

12. Mussolini Established a totalitarian state by ■Abolished all political parties except the Fascist party ■Censored the press, the ■Used propaganda ■Terror tactics (Black Shirts)-March on Rome October 1922.

13. Mussolini 1. Define Fascism in your own words. What the key elements 2. Create a timeline explaining how Mussolini gained power in Italy, be sure to include important dates and events that mark his rise to power and his eventual place at the undisputed leader of Italy, Il Duce. 3. Explain the factors in Italy that led to Mussolini’s rise to power -Weakness of coalition governments -Economic difficulties -Fear of socialism and communism

14. NAZI GERMANY

15. Germany at the end of WWI ■World War One had a devastating impact on Germany. Throughout World War One, the people of Germany had been led to believe by their government that they were winning the war. Government propaganda had been used to great effect. When the temporarily blinded Adolf Hitler had gone into hospital in 1918 (the result of a gas attack), he, along with many German soldiers, was convinced that Germany was not only winning the war but was in the process of putting together a major military assault on Allied lines. ■Only the military leaders such as Luderndorff and Hindenburg knew the true state of Germany’s military plight which had become even more apparent when America had joined in the war in 1917. The success of the Luderndoff Offensive in 1918 was only paper-thin as Germany had lost many of her most able officers in battle. ■Germany itself was being starved of food and all goods as a result of the British Navy’s blockade of her ports in the north. With such a small coastline, the British Navy found it a relatively easy task to blockade her. German troops were poorly equipped and what food there was went to the war effort leaving the people of Germany very short of food. ■In the autumn of 1918, the Allies launched a massive attack on the German lines. The German Army could not stand up to such an attack and in just a few weeks the German Army had collapsed. The euphoria of the success of the Luderndorff Offensive was quickly forgotten. Many Germans could not accept that they had lost the war. The blame was put on weak politicians rather than on military exhaustion. In the space of two months, Germany had gone from being a fighting nation to a defeated one; from a nation with a leader – Kaiser William II – to one with politicians leading the country. William II had been forced to abdicate – give up the throne

16. Germany at the end of WWI ■Food shortages in Germany itself had pushed many civilians to the brink of starvation. Farmers were short of labourers to bring in the harvest as young men had been drafted into the military. By 1918, Germany was producing only 50% of the milk it had done before the war. By the winter of 1917, the supply of potatoes had run out and the only real alternative was turnips. This is why the winter of 1916 to 1917 is known as the “Turnip Winter“. Turnips were used as animal foodstuff and the thought of eating them repelled many as they were the food of cows, pigs etc. Lack of food had seriously weakened the ability of people to fight off disease. Flu had a terrible impact on Germans as the people had little bodily strength to fight the illness. It is thought that nearly 750,000 died of a combination of flu and starvation – this figure included mainly civilians but it also included soldiers who had survived the horror of war, returned to Germany and had died of the disease. ■By Christmas 1918, Germany was at peace with regards to the war. The Armistice held out – though Germany was incapable of fighting anyway. However, the shock of defeat combined with the state of Germany caused the new government lead by Ebert to inherit many problems

17. Frederick Ebert Friedrich Ebert was the first President of the Weimar Republic. Ebert took over during a very toxic period in history. There was a desire by many in France, Belgium and Britain to impose such a harsh peace treaty on the German people that the nation could never rise up again and start another war – the Treaty of Versailles was to directly blame Germany for starting the World War One. Ebert also had to deal with the perceived threat from the east. The country was bankrupt, hungry and to many leaderless. Ebert not only had to confront this, he had to address it.

18. The Weimar Republic ■Weimar Republic: democratic government that replaced the German Monarchy at the end of World War I ■In 1918 the German government moved to the nearest large city which was ‘peaceful’ and set up government there. This was the city of Weimar. Hence the name of Germany from 1919 to 1933. However Ebert’s government faced many challenges.

19. Problems facing the Weimar Republic ■The Weimar Government were the ones in power in Germany after Kaiser William II abdicated and were blamed for the defeat in war and the unfair Treaty of Versailles. The people quickly blamed the war loss on the new government and forgot about the inefficient military leaders and rule of the Kaiser which actually led to Germany losing the war. ■The war had brought : ■economic disaster to Germany ■a serious loss of man power ■near total disrespect for the government ■many thousands of armed and disillusioned former soldiers roaming the streets ■a civilian population traumatised by the impact of the war and feared communism ■This was all before the anger that was to occur in Germany over the Treaty of Versailles, which was another very contentious issue after its signing!

20. A Treaty to Bring Down a Republic ■Ebert appeared to have established his power in Germany by the end of 1918. Resistance in the north and south had been crushed. In the spring of 1919, Ebert and the Weimar Republic had largely supressed the left and the right opposition. But in May, all of Germany was horrified by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which were announced on May 7th 1919. ■The Weimar government had done as requested: ■It removed the Kaiser from power and established a democratic form of government. ■Germany and Ebert had expected a fait treaty from the allies. After all, it was the Kaiser who had led Germany at the outbreak of the war, not a democratically elected government. Now it was the government that had been forced to sign this treaty. Suddenly, The Weimar politicians became the “November Criminals”. Right wing politicians said that the government had “stabbed Germany in the back”. Despite Ebert’s protest, the government was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles as the Allies had threatened to invade if they did not sign. This was the nail in the coffin

21. The Weimar Republic ■The Weimar Republic experienced severe problems from its start. Ebert, the first head of the Weimar Republic, and his government were in a very difficult position. ■Those on the left (communists)had no respect for the government and the success of Lenin in Russia had boosted their self-belief. ■Those on the right–former soldiers were bitter about the Armistice and the defeat in the war – also had no respect for the government as it had ‘betrayed’ them. ■Royalists, who wanted the Kaiser back had no respect for the government ■The civilian population was still suffering from the effects of the war. The business class was afraid of a communist takeover and were aware of the collectivization in Russia, they did not want that for Germany and they were afraid the Weimar Republic was strong enough to ward off communism. ■Ebert was isolated………yet he was head of Weimar Germany’s government. The most obvious symbol of his weakness was the fact that his control over Berlin – the nation’s capital – was very weak, there was so much violence in the Nations capital of Berlin that the government moved its office to the city of Weimar (hence the name Weimar Republic), but of course the problems followed. ■1918 to 1919 saw take place what has frequently been called the “German Revolution”. Attempts to overthrow that government came from both the left and the right. ■The Spartacists, German communists named after the slave who led a rebellion against the Romans, challenged Ebert’s government, as did the right wing Free Corps (Freikorps) who were nationalists and usually former soldiers angered at what they saw as the government’s betrayal of the German Army in 1918.

22. Chaos in Germany ■In March 1920, the Free Corps took over Berlin. Ebert and the government had to leave the city. The Free Corps were led by Wolfgang Kapp – a right wing nationalist who hated the government for signing the Versailles Treaty. This incident is called the Kapp Putsch. A putsch is an attempt to take over a country by the use of force. The Free Corps was joined by the Berlin police. The putsch failed because the workers of Berlin, who were not sympathetic to the Free Corps, went on general strike and paralysed the city. There were no buses, trams, trains and fuel supplies were ended. Kapp held Berlin for just 100 hours before he fled to Sweden. The putsch failed miserably. But once again, it was not the government that restored order. The government’s power was being maintained by others. ■Also in March 1920, the workers of the Ruhr – Germany’s wealthiest industrial region – formed a Red Army of 50,000 men. The Germany Army managed to defeat this threat to start with, but it was only finally put down by the Free Corps who shot over 2000 workers. Many people in Germany were scared of the communists. By now, the world knew about the brutal murders of the Romanov family in Russia at the hands of Russian communists.

23. Chaos in Germany ■Many murders of left wing politicians occurred, usually committed by right wingers. Over 350 political murders took place between 1919 and 1922. ■The most famous murder was that of Walter Rathenau. He was Germany’s Foreign Minister and was associated with the Versailles Treaty. The four men who murdered him were sentenced to an average of four years in prison. One of the killers, Ernst von Salomon, when interviewed about the murder, stated that Rathenau’s association with the peace settlement was enough to seal his fate. ■In 1922, the French invaded the Ruhr as Germany had failed to pay her annual installment of reparations. Chaos ensued in Germany.

24. ENTER HITLER AND THE NAZI’S

25. Adolph Hitler ■Born in Austria in 1889, Adolf Hitler rose to power in German politics as leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, also known as the Nazi Party. Hitler was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as dictator from 1934 to 1945. His policies precipitated World War II and the Holocaust. Hitler committed suicide with wife Eva Braun on April 30, 1945, in his Berlin bunker.

26. Power is up for Grabs in Germany: Munich Beer Hall Putsch: ■Munich Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler and the Nazi's attempt to seize power by force in 1923. The Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923, or the Munich Putsch, was Hitler’s attempt to overthrow the Weimar government of Ebert and establish a right wing nationalistic one in its place. ■In September 1923, the Chancellor Gustav Stresemann and President Ebert had decided that the only way Germany could proceed after hyperinflation was to agree to work with the French as opposed to against them. Both called for passive resistance to be called off in the Ruhr Valley. In this sense, Stresemann agreed that the only way forward was for Germany to pay reparations as demanded by the Treaty of Versailles. ■To the nationalists in Germany, this was an admittance of guilt for starting the First World War. This admittance of guilt brought with it the punishment of reparations. Therefore, the logic of the nationalists was that Ebert and Stresemann were agreeing that Germany was guilty of starting the war – something they could not tolerate.

27. Munich Beer Hall Putsch: ■By 1923, many right wing parties had gravitated to southern Germany and primarily Bavaria. Here there were geographically as far away from Berlin without totally isolating themselves from the German people. Their headquarters was essentially Munich. ■One such group was the fledgling Nazi Party. Lead by Adolf Hitler it had about 35,000 members by 1923. Though this figure appears low in the whole scheme of German politics (in the 1920 election the Nazis had not got one seat in the Reichstag), there were only about 40 members of the Nazi Party in 1920, so its growth rate was relatively quick. However, nationally, the Nazis Party was just one of a number of loud right-wing parties. ■On November 8th and 9 th 1923, Hitler used the anger felt against the Berlin government in Bavaria to attempt an overthrow of the regional government in Munich in prelude to the take- over of the national government. This incident is generally known as the Beer Hall Putsch.

28. Munich Beer Hall Putsch: ■Hitler had only an estimated 35,000 followers to take over Germany’s second city showed his political naivety in 1923. Hitler placed all his hopes on people in Munich following his lead having been angered by the central government’s response to the Ruhr crisis. Such support never materialised. ■Hitler and 600 of his Stormtroopers (the SA) went into the meeting from the back of the hall. These SA men, lead by Ernst Rohm, lined the sides of the hall in an attempt to intimidate those in the beer hall. It is said that Hitler, once on the speaker’s platform, shouted out the following: “The national revolution has broken out. The hall is surrounded.” ■Hitler started to plan his take-over of Munich. But Hitler had made one major error. He had let Kahr and his colleagues go. They reported what had happened to Berlin and the central government ordered that the army and police should put down the Nazis once they started their march. After his experience in the beer hall, Kahr was in no mood to disagree. ■On November 9th, Hitler started his march with his followers. By the morning he knew that the army and police had been alerted that the Nazis would try to take over vital buildings in Munich. However, rather than call off the venture and lose any form of credibility, Hitler placed in faith in two things: ■He would appeal to the army and police to support him and the Nazis in their national crusade against a dishonourable government. With Luderndorff leading the march, he was confident that no one would fire on them, as they were lead by such a famous war hero. ■Hitler started the march to the centre of Munich with 3000 men. At the centre of the city they were faced by 100 armed police and soldiers who blocked them from going down a narrow street called the Residenzstrasse. What happened next is not clear but shots were fired. The firing continued for just one minute but in that time sixteen Nazis and three policemen were killed.

29. The Beer Hall Spin ■Hitler tried to flee from Munich but is captured, tried for treason and serves 9 months in Landsberg prison. It was during his imprisonment that he began dictating his thoughts to Rudolf Hess, which emerged in the book Mein Kampf (my struggle). It is a mixture of autobiography, political ideology and an examination of the techniques of propaganda. ■Faced with the potential loss of men, Hitler was pushed into an action that he may not have wanted to get involved with, and due to lack of support and resistance from the Weimar military forces the Putsch failed. ■In later years, Hitler portrayed the Beer Hall Putsch as a great example of bravery. What actually did happen did not come out in his trial. In 1933, Hitler claimed that if they had succeeded in taking over Germany, they would have been faced with a national situation which the Nazis would not have been able to control. The Nazi Party was less than four years old and the depth of political experience was simply not there for the party to run the country. ■The outcome of the putsch was to give the party its first martyrs and these deaths were used to great success when it came to Nazi propaganda.

30. Hitler’s Rise to Power ■1921: Hitler challenges Anton Drexler to become leader of the Nazi party. After initial resistance, Drexler agrees and Hitler becomes the new leader of the party. ■1923: Along with other right wing factions and General Ludendorff he attempts to overthrow the Bavarian government with an armed uprising. The event became known as The Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler and 2000 Nazi’s march through Munich to the Beer Hall, to take over a meeting chaired by three of the most important individuals in Bavarian politics.The following day, the Nazis march in the streets, the police open fire. Hitler escapes but is captured, tried for treason and serves 9 months in Landsberg prison. It was during his imprisonment that he began dictating his thoughts to Rudolf Hess, which emerged in the book Mein Kampf (my struggle). It is a mixture of autobiography, political ideology and an examination of the techniques of propaganda. ■1925 ■Hitler re-founds the Nazi party. ■1928 ■Hitler's half-sister (Angela Raubal) and her daughter Geli, move into Hitler's home on the Obersalzburg. Hitler's relationship towards Geli initially kindly, eventually borders on the obsessive, fueling rumours that they were romantically linked; Hitler denied this. ■September 1930 ■In the General Election, the Nazi Party increases its representatives in parliament from 14 to 107. Hitler is now the leader of the second largest party in Germany. ■1931 ■Hitler challenges Paul von Hindenburg for the presidency, but fails to win.

31. Hitler’s Rise to Power ■September 1931 ■Geli Raubal found dead at Hitler's flat in Munich. She was 23. Verdict: suicide. ■1932 ■Hitler becomes a German citizen—enabling him to stand in the Presidential election against Hindenburg. ■Became the first person to electioneer by aircraft, the campaign (masterminded by Josef Goebbels) was entitled 'Hitler over Germany'. ■January 1933 ■Hitler becomes chancellor of a coalition government, where the Nazis have a third of the seats in the Reichstag. ■February 1933 ■The German Reichstag is destroyed by fire. The plot and execution is almost certainly due to the Nazis but they point the finger at the communists and trigger a General Election. ■March 1933 ■The Enabling Act passed—powers of legislation pass to Hitler’s cabinet for four years, making him virtual dictator. ■He proclaims the Nazi Party is the only political party permitted in Germany. All other parties and trade unions are disbanded. Individual German states lose any autonomous powers, while Nazi officials become state governors. ■April 1933 ■Communist party banned.

32. Hitler’s Rise to Power ■May 1933 ■Socialists, Trade Unions and strikes banned. ■October 1933 ■Hitler withdraws from the League of Nations. In the following months, he trebles the size of the German Army and ignores the arms restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. ■June 1934 ■Night of the Long Knives. Hitler crushes all opposition within his own party—thus eliminating any of his rivals. ■July 1934 ■After the death of President Hindenburg, Hitler becomes “Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor” and abolishes the title of President. ■1935 ■Hitler re-arms Germany with the aim of undoing the Treaty of Versailles and uniting all the German peoples. Military conscription is introduced. ■March 1938 ■The Austrian Chancellor, leader of the Austrian Nazi Party, invites the German army to occupy Austria and proclaim a union with Germany. ■September 1938 ■British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain meets Hitler in Germany. Britain, France and Italy sign the Munich Agreement which gives the Sudetenland (the German populated borderlands of Czechoslavakia), to Germany. ■October 1938 ■German army occupies the Sudetenland.

33. Hitler Established a totalitarian state: ■Abolished all political parties except the Nazi Party ■Established a secret police force (Gestapo) to purge government opposition `(much like Stalin does in Russia) ■Propaganda. Joseph Goebbels was a master manipulator and helped Hitler gain popular support, and used Jews, and the Treaty of Versailles (especially the war-guilt clause) as scapegoats to unite the German people under a belief that Germany was treated unfairly and needed to fight back, and Hitler was the man to lead them to prosperity and domination, Hitler wanted Lebensraum ("living space") for German people, this would involve reclaiming territory taken under the treaty of Versailles and invasion of new territory (war).

34. Nazi Policies toward “undesirables” ■Jews, homosexuals, Gypsies, religious minorities, Communists, the disabled etc. ■The racial policy of Nazi Germany included policies and laws implemented in Nazi Germany (1933–45) based on a specific racist doctrine asserting the superiority of the Aryan race, which claimed scientific legitimacy. ■Combined with a eugenics program that aimed for racial hygiene by compulsory sterilization and extermination of the Untermenschen ("sub- humans"), which eventually culminated in the Holocaust. Nazi policies labeled Jews, Romani people, ethnic Poles, Slavs, Serbs, and persons of color as inferior non-Aryan sub-humans in a racial hierarchy that placed the Herrenvolk ("master race") of the Volksgemeinschaft ("national community") at the top. ■Jews were at the bottom of the hierarchy, considered inhuman and thus unworthy of life.

35. Martin Niemöller (1892–1984): was a prominent Protestant pastor who emerged as an outspoken public foe of Adolf Hitler and spent the last seven years of Nazi rule in concentration camps ■First they came for the Communists ■And I did not speak out ■Because I was not a Communist ■Then they came for the Socialists ■And I did not speak out ■Because I was not a Socialist ■Then they came for the trade unionists ■And I did not speak out ■Because I was not a trade unionist ■Then they came for the Jews ■And I did not speak out ■Because I was not a Jew ■Then they came for me ■And there was no one left ■To speak out for me