2. What is Clinical research And what do we do it? Ronald E. LaPorte, Ph.D.

3. MRC definition of clinical research The MRC defines clinical research as research based primarily on patients or ex-patients and designed to answer a question about disease (aetiology, concomitants, diagnosis, prevention, outcome or treatment). In addition to direct clinical examination, it includes the study of blood, biopsy material or post-mortem tissue deriving from the individuals concerned and of normal subjects where such study relates to a disease process being investigated. The definition includes clinical trials, and of course much other work on the clinical characterisation of disease or ill health.

4. Broadly defined, clinical research involves the participation of human subjects in various aspects of research. It is the linchpin of the Nation's biomedical research enterprise. Clinical research ultimately establishes the safety, effectiveness and availability of new diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic approaches.

7. Why do you want to be a Scientist? n Long Hours n Low pay n Competition: Elite of the Elite n Nomadic Existence

8. Why do you want to be a scientist? Passion and Excitement-- “the buzz” n Those of us in epidemiology believe that it is important, exciting, and it is FUN. Kuller, 1991

9. Science: The Ultimate Game

10. Rules of Tenure n Publish n Teach n NIH Grants

11. Rules of the Game of Science

12. Ethics

14. Wipe Out

16. Scientific Rights: Disagreement

17. Errors

18. A scientist can be an alcoholic, a braggart, a murderer, or even a member of a country club and will be forgiven. But one instance of deliberately falsifying data brings about eternal condemnation by his peers. McCain and Segal

19. Trust

20. Publication Why do we publish? Communication in Science Currency

21. Inverse Square Law of Publication The Square Root of the Publishing Scientists publish 50% of the work. Epidemiologists =1600 40 people publish 50% of papers

22. Basic Research Costly Technology Clinical Research Populations Where Can Pakistani Scientists Best Compete?