1. 1. INTRO WORDS AND PHRASES –No, yes, however, well, oh, indeed, unfortunately, nevertheless, –in fact, of course, on the other hand, to tell the truth, on the contrary, last year, during the day, after the football game,etc.

2. Intro Words Yes, you may go to the movies on Saturday night. Indeed, it is a beautiful day. Unfortunately, I lost my cell phone at school.

3. Intro Phrases After the movie, we went to a diner for coffee. Despite the team’s efforts, we lost the final game in the series. To tell the truth, I don’t know whether I can make it this weekend.

4. Practice intro phrases 1 1.After looking for weeks I finally found my watch at the bottom of the laundry hamper. 2. By the middle of May I start wearing shorts and flip-flops. 3. Not much of a sports fan Jim found the conversation boring. 4. Forgetting about the test Ana went to the movies instead of studying. 5. Before agreeing to baby-sit my little brother I asked my parents what time they’d be home and how much they’d pay me.

5. Practice intro phrases 2 6. To make a varsity team you must be very committed to your sport and practice all the time. 7. To get the discount you have to reserve a room for a minimum of three nights. 8. Because of his fear of elevators Bruno climbs seven flights of stairs every day to get to his office. 9. Since his death in 1890 Vincent van Gogh has become one of the most famous painters in the world. 10. Along the creek a snake slithered through the freshly fallen leaves.

6. 2. DIRECT ADDRESS Use a comma to set off words in direct address.

7. Clean your room, Jill. I don’t like it, David, when you leave a mess in the kitchen. Tim, do you know who invented the telephone?

8. Practice direct address 1 1.I am hoping class that everyone will turn their project in on time. 2.Mr. Smith please tell your students to bring in their team shirts. 3.I don’t care John what Jason’s parents allow him to do. 4.Get ready ladies and gentlemen for a wonderful show tonight. 5.The game is rescheduled to Friday Sarah. 6. Girls please get a good night’s sleep before the tournament.

9. Practice direct address 2 1.Today students we will discuss inventors. 2.Joan do you know who invented the telephone? 3.Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor Rose. 4.No one is really sure who invented the printing press Nichole. 5.Some people believe class that it was invented by Johann Geutenberg. 6.Kari another important inventor was Thomas Edison. 7.Were you aware Jimmy that he invented the phonograph?

10. 3. APPOSITIVE Use a comma to set aside a word or group of words placed beside another word to rename it or explain it. This is known as an “appositive” or explanation.

11. Ray, my younger brother, is graduating from college in May. I was nervous to speak to Mr. Donaghy, the principal of our school Nichole, my best friend since grade school, is having a birthday party.

12. Practice appositives 1 1.Bill my younger brother acts like a clown most of the time. 2.We visited Disneyland an amusement park in southern California. 3.Algebra a very difficult subject is taught by Mr. Haney. 4.Carl Adams the student body president spoke at the assembly. 5.Many my youngest cousin is going to be a flower girl at the wedding.

13. Practice appositives 2 6.Hollywood Squares a game show is my mother’s favorite television program. 7.Our school newspaper Tiger Tracks is printed once a week. 8.Mrs. Price the best English teacher in school also coaches the girl’s basketball team. 9.Tom Warner a Hollywood stuntman showed the audience how to fall off a building without getting hurt. 10.I invited Kim my best friend to my party.

14. Review: intro words and phrases, direct address, appositive 1.Mary my best friend since grade school is moving away. 2.After a great summer I had a tough time starting school. 3.Mary give these papers to Mr. Johnson. 4.English the best subject in the school is always an adventure. 5.Last night at the track I ran three miles with my friend. 6. My friend June went to the concert with me. 7. Why that is the best news I’ve heard all year! 8. My cat a really mischievous animal tore up my curtains last night. 9. Clean your room and finish your homework John. 10. I don’t know Brittany if I can come to your party.

15. Review: intro words and phrases, direct address, appositive 1.The Jets my favorite band are playing this month. 2.After school please walk the dog. 3.I will see you Billy for detention tomorrow if you say one more word. 4.Texas the Lone Star State is very large. 5.My brother Ray is going to Virginia next week. 6. Has Jimmy completed the project Mr. Wilson? 7.Oh she’s such a talented artist. 8. Algebra a very difficult subject is taught by Mr. Haney. 9. Texas the Lone Star State is very large. 10. During the blizzard I spent hours shoveling with my dad.

16. 4. ITEMS IN A SERIES Commas are used to separate items in a series when there are three or more items.

17. He needed new shirts, socks, and shoes for school. We ate hot dogs, popcorn, and cotton candy at the carnival. He hit the ball, dropped the bat, and ran to first base.

18. Practice items in a series 1.John bought buttered popcorn soda peanuts and a hot dog at the game. 2.The vending machine contained candy bars crackers bags of popcorn peanuts and jelly beans. 3.The package of jelly beans held assorted flavors such as banana licorice strawberry watermelon and grape. 4.Sam put ketchup mustard onions lettuce and pickles on his hamburger. 5.Barbara Carol and John each ordered sweet and sour pork fried rice and wonton soup.

19. 5. ADJECTIVES Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun.

20. QUESTION 1 If you can put an “and” or “but” between adjectives, then you should add a comma.

21. COMMA NEEDED: The birds had bright and beautiful feathers. The birds had bright, beautiful feathers.

22. NO COMMA NEEDED: I live in a little and purple house. I live in a little purple house.

23. QUESTION 2: Does the sentence still make sense if you reverse order of the adjectives?

24. CAN REVERSE ORDER: USE COMMA He was a difficult, stubborn child. He has an easy, happy smile. She was an old, frail woman

25. CAN’T REVERSE ORDER: DON’T USE COMMA He lived in a white frame house. My friend has three adorable puppies. The powerful summer sun beat down on the campers.

26. Practice adjectives 1 1.The former secret agent has written a book about his dangerous adventurous life. 2.I own several blue wool sweaters. 3.In order to get home, we had to travel a long winding treacherous road. 4.In the attic, we found old thin paper cutouts we used to play with when we were children. 5.The poster depicted a brown-haired blue-eyed child wearing a red denim shirt.

27. Practice adjectives 2 6.For breakfast we ate two oversized blueberry muffins. 7.We bought two dozen boxes of mouth- watering peanut butter Girl Scout cookies. 8.The lost frightened child wandered through the park in search of her parents. 9.The boy shared a room with his three brothers and longed for his own quiet special place. 10.The four anxious German athletes almost missed the competition when their plane was delayed.

28. Practice adjectives 3 11.The white picket fence had to be repainted over the weekend. 12.My favorite blue woolen sweater has three large holes in it. 13.The beautiful graceful dancer dazzled the audience with her performance. 14.An angry gray cat let out a fierce frightening cry when a stray do approached. 15.I heard a mysterious creepy moaning outside of my house

29. Practice adjectives 4 16.The angry vengeful beast pursued his prey through the shadowy woods. 17.There are seven Canadian geese on my lawn, and they are frightening my daughter. 18.The United States is filled with amazing stunning wildlife from coast to coast. 19.I found a shiny gold necklace in the woods and wonder what it is worth. 20.My dark blue woolen coat needs to be dry-cleaned before the winter.

30. Adjective HW 11.A dozen beautiful roses were sent to my house. 12.My father treated me to a delicious expensive Italian meal at a restaurant in Philadelphia. 13.The Joneses went to their beach house and discovered that the violent destructive storm had caused some damage. 14.Three brave students approached the principal with demands for cheaper tastier school lunches. 15.My family hosted two foreign exchange students from France this past winter.

31. 16.I used my binoculars to study a flock of geese migrating across the beautiful blue sky. 17. My sister’s prom dress was a beautiful dark blue satin. 18. There were many angry frustrated people stranded after the bus broke down. 19.I painted my bedroom a bright sunny yellow to cheer me up this past winter. 20.The delicious chocolate chip cookies were eaten before I got home from school.

32. 6. COMPOUND SENTENCES Use a comma before and, but, or, and nor when they join the parts of a compound sentence

33. The rain finally stopped, and the boys went back out to finish the game. Joe was proud of his new clothes, but his dad complained that they cost too much. The student studied very hard, and he got an A in the class.

34. NO COMMA IF NO SECOND SUBJECT I went to the store, and I bought some ice cream. I went to the store and bought some ice cream.

35. Joe loved to play baseball, and he was the best hitter on the team. Joe loved to play baseball and was the best hitter on the team.

36. I studied three nights for the test, but I failed it anyway. I studied three nights for the test but failed it anyway.

37. You can either do your homework every day, or you can be in for the weekend. You can either do your homework every day or be in for the weekend.

38. Review: first six rules 1. The honest hard-working man was not getting paid enough. 2. She wanted a puppy so her mom took her to many pet stores. 3. You can’t go out with friends nor can you watch television until you do your chores. 4.She was feeling a bit sick but she went to school anyway. 5.Tim is a great pitcher and he led his team to victory.

39. 6. I need to buy groceries get gas for my car and drop off dry cleaning. 7. I don’t know if I turned in that assignment Mr. Carson. 8. I saw this movie a really scary one with my friend Mike. 9. I don’t know if it will rain Joe but you can check the forecast. 10. My friend and I got into a fight and now we are not speaking.

40. 11. My dad brought home this skinny little stray cat after work. 12. No you can’t go to his house if a parent won’t be home. 13. Steve my best friend is moving away and I am really sad. 14. Brittany you can either have vanilla ice cream for dessert or you can have nothing. 15. House my favorite television show is a suspenseful interesting medical drama.

41. Review Homework 1.After the baseball game my dad took me to Dairy Queen our favorite haunt so I had my favorite dessert a rich thick strawberry milkshake. _______________

42. 2. Uncle Tommy is a smelly cranky old man Mom so I hate it when he comes to visit us on Saturdays. _________________

43. 3. During their last meeting, the fifteen busy hard-working city council members voted to increase the sanitation budget arranged to clean up the graffiti at the dock area and agreed to investigate violence in the local schools. _________________

44. 4. It was a quiet calm Saturday afternoon but I couldn’t concentrate on my novel A Thousand Splendid Suns so I decided to go for a long walk in the woods near my house. ________________

45. 5. Last week in English Mrs. Henson showed us Romeo and Juliet an award-winning film but I was bored and passed notes to my friend. _______________

46. 6. It is time class for me to assign tonight’s homework so get out your assignment books get your pens ready and listen carefully. _______________

47. 7. To be honest I don’t like your tone of voice Bill nor do I appreciate what you are saying to me. _______________

48. 8. The cool refreshing watermelon water ice really hit the spot on such a hot sticky summer day and I wanted a second scoop after finishing the first. _______________

49. 9. On Monday I need to meet with you Mr. Simmons about the upcoming mid-term project so I hope that you will clear your schedule for me. ________________

50. Comma Review: first 6 rules Intro Words and Phrases 1.Indeed it has been a difficult year. 2.Over the weekend I went to a concert at the Wachovia Center. 3.In truth I don’t know the answer to that question. 4.Hopefully you will do better on the next test.

51. Direct Address 1.I hope Sheila that you have a great vacation. 2.It is time class to settle down and begin your starters. 3.I don’t agree with you Mark about whether to invite Andrew to the party. 4.It is time ladies and gentlemen for the show to begin.

52. Appositive 1.My neighbor a former marine was wounded in the Gulf War. 2.I have always admired the cheetah an animal of great speed and agility. 3.I went to the pep rally with Joan my friend from art class. 4.I don’t like Robbie Jacobs that mean kid who lives down the street from me and I don’t like to go by his house.

53. Words in a Series 1.Mom asked me to walk the dog feed the fish and clean the cat’s litter box. 2.Most middle school students like to hang out at the mall go the movies and listen to their I- pods. 3.My favorite Italian painters include da Vinci Botticelli and Michelangelo. 4.I am really impressed by my dad’s ability to play the piano the saxophone and the drums.

54. Adjectives 1.My friend and I gobbled up a box of rich dark Swiss chocolates. 2.I saw two greedy dishonest students stealing from the school store. 3.That old ratty blue sweater is still my favorite thing to wear on a cold winter night. 4.The old chipped grey sculpture of a wolf was a gift from my grandmother.

55. Compound Sentences 1.I went to the pet store in search of the perfect puppy but came home with a cat instead. 2.I went to the pet store in search of the perfect puppy but I came home with a cat instead. 3.Michael knows everything there is to know about comic books and would someday like to open a comic book store. 4.Michael knows everything there is to know about comic books and he would someday like to open a comic book store.

56. Some cultures lived in America for many centuries but then they disappeared. They left tools pottery and other artifacts behind. They also left carvings and paintings on rocks called rock art. Petroglyphs (rock carvings) show human figures animals and some designs that are not easily explained. Artists made petroglyphs with small pointed rocks or flat stones. They used these as knives picks and chisels to carve shapes on large stones. Pictographs (rock paintings) on the other hand were made with paint from berries or vegetables. Native American artists may have painted for pleasure or they may have painted to communicate with one another. In any case the pictures are like a form of code to us.

57. Think of this readers when you have your next haircut. A Persian king had to get a message to his military leader a Persian general. The king shaved a man’s head tattooed a message on his bare scalp and told the man to let the hair grow back. The man then traveled to find the general but no one knew he carried a message. When he reached the general however he delivered the message. Yes as you guessed it he had his head shaved again!

58. 7. MONTH AND YEAR Use a comma to separate the day of the month and the year. Today is February 14, 2006.

59. 8. DAY AND MONTH Use a comma to separate the name of a day and the name of the month. Today is Monday, February 18, 2006.

60. CITY AND STATE Use a comma to separate the name of a city and its state or country. I live in Aston, Pennsylvania.

61. 9. AFTER SALUTATION AND CLOSING IN A LETTER Dear Mom, I want to thank you for all you have done. Sincerely, Your loving son

62. Dates and Addresses 1.I was born on February 6 1948. 2.Jack and Amelia were married May 20 1913 in New York. 3.Was Friday November 20 1914 the first day the stamp was issued? 4.Amando's birthday is February 25. 5.The meeting is scheduled for July 9 1975 in Dallas. 6.My friend's address is Mike Sanchez 138 Santiago St. Brownsville Texas 62051 U.S.A.

63. 7. If you want to visit a beautiful city, don't miss Santa Fe New Mexico in the fall. 8. Please deliver this telegram to Agents Unlimited 714 Third Avenue as soon as possible. 9. Pasadena California is the site of the Rose Bowl. 10. The letter was addressed to Mr. J. L. Karnes in Clayton Delaware 19938. 11. My son was born on Friday June 11 1971 in Denver Colorado. 12. He was inducted into the army at Fort Oglethorpe Georgia on September 30 1942.

64. 13. William Congreve was born in Bardsey England on January 24 1670. 14. The publisher's address is 757 Third Avenue New York New York 10017. 15. On December 7 1941 the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor Hawaii. 16. The Smiths bought a restaurant at 552 South Maple Street Portsmouth Virginia in 2008. 17 On December 28 2007 my cousin joined the Marines.

65. 18. We visited the museum at 41 North Clinton Street in Shrewsbury Pennsylvania. 19. Bill's sister didn't arrive until January 27 1999 because she couldn't sell her house. 20. The beach property at 202 Bayside Avenue Ocean City Maryland will sleep seven people. 21. Do you have any plans for April 16 2009 that would keep you from attending my wedding? 22. The rent for the apartment at 405 Shenandoah Street Boston Massachusetts is $1200 per month.

66. 23. My mother was born on January 25 1922 and died on May 6 2007 when she was eighty- five years old. 24. I graduated from college on May 16 1980 and left for to London England the very next day. 25. I used to live at 8507 Agusta Street Philadelphia Pa 19152 when I was a child.

67. Worksheet 196 1.The play is scheduled for December 19 2000 to January 9 2001 but there may be an extension. 2.The address of the auditorium is 75 Brinton Street Toledo Ohio. 3.The scene is set in a cowboy town-maybe Laredo Texas. 4.The playwright was born July 4 1960 in Brooklyn New York. 5.He said graduation was set for May 21 2001. 6.The only date I have memorized is the date I was born-August 4 1985.

75. 2774 Melvin Avenue Cleveland OH 44808 March 7 2000 Dear Sally Thanks so much for inviting Grandpa Fritz and me to see your school play on May 7. Unfortunately we will be in San Francisco California that weekend for the convention Grandpa always likes to attend. But when you come to Cleveland-your mom said you’d come the weekend of June 12-I hope you’ll tell us all bout the play and recite your lines for us. Fondly Grandma Liz

77. Ms. Annie Brown October 27 2001 507 Washington Lane Red Brook Pennsylvania 19475 Dear Annie Over the summer I put together a scrapbook of my trip to Anchorage Alaska that I would like to share with you. I have some amazing pictures of caribou in Denali National Park the bears of Kodiak Island and bald eagles flying over Anchorage. Write back Annie and tell me when you’re free to see my photos of Alaska one of the most amazing states in America. With love Mary

78. Mrs. M. Zimmerman June 12 2012 2821 Concord Road Aston Pennsylvania 19014 Dear Mrs. Zimmerman It has come to my attention that you are a fan and that you have been interested in becoming a princess yourself. I understand that you live in Aston Pennsylvania in the northeastern part of the United States a mighty kingdom. I would like to offer you Mrs. Zimmerman the opportunity to step in for me as princess. I hope you are available on Sunday July 1 2012 when I will be away with family. I hope to hear from you soon. Fondly Cinderella

79. Comma Usage: Dates and Addresses 1.I was born on February 6 1948. 2. Jack and Amelia were married May 20 1913 in New York. 3. Was Friday November 20 1914 the first day the stamp was issued? 4.Amando's birthday is February 25.

80. 5. The meeting is scheduled for July 9 1975 in Dallas. 6.My friend's address is Mike Sanchez 138 Santiago St. Brownsville Texas 62051 U.S.A. 7.If you want to visit a beautiful city, don't miss Santa Fe New Mexico in the fall. 8.Please deliver this telegram to Agents Unlimited 714 Third Avenue as soon as possible.

81. 9.Pasadena California is the site of the Rose Bowl. 10. The letter was addressed to Mr. J. L. Karnes in Clayton Delaware 19938. 11. My son was born on Friday June 11 1971 In Denver Colorado. 12. He was inducted into the army at Fort Oglethorpe Georgia on September 30 1942.

82. 10. Use a comma to set off quotes Mr. Jones always says, “Be prepared!” My penpal writes in his last letter, “I will be visiting this summer.” “The question is,” said Alice, “whether you can actually do what you say.

83. 11. Use commas to show contrast Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first attracted him. He was merely ignorant, not stupid.

84. Clause: has a subject and predicate The boy rode his bike to the park

85. Independent clause: can stand on its own as a complete sentence. The boy rode his bike to the park. She sang.

86. Dependent clause: has a subject and predicate but cannot stand on its own as a complete sentence. After he finished dinner… If you love animals…

87. A dependent clause needs to be joined to an independent clause to form a complete sentence. After he finished dinner, the boy rode his bike to the park.

88. If the dependent clause begins a sentence, it must be followed by a comma. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor.

89. If the independent clause starts the sentences, no comma is required. The cat scratched at the door while I was eating. You ought to see a doctor if you are ill.

90. Write a sentence that demonstrates each rule: 1.Intro word or phrase 2.Direct address 3.Appositive 4.Words in a series 5.Compound sentence 6.Adjectives

91. Mr. Joe Primrose May 272007 8507 Augusta Street Philadelphia PA 19157 Dear Joe I’m happy you’re coming to Dallas Texas to visit. My wife and I will see you at the train station on Monday August 4 2007 unless there is a delay. I know we’ll have a great time together Joe. On Monday night we’ll eat dinner at Maggio’s a wonderful Italian restaurant. On Tuesday night we will have an exciting fun-filled evening at Carson’s Rodeo. It’s been a long time old friend and I can’t wait for your visit. Regards Melvin Rossi

92. Ms. Amy JohnsonOctober 10 1972 524 Wellesday Road Ardmore PA 19119 Dear Amy I am happy to announce the birth of my first child Steven Ray Johnson who was born on Monday October 1 1972 in the late evening. He is an adorable healthy boy and I have enclosed a picture for you. Amy doesn’t he look like me? Fondly Lauren

93. Mr. Steven Bryant June 5 1997 112 Meadow Lake Drive Sacramento California 50927 Dear Steve Rita Williams my aunt from Sacramento tells me that you would like to move to the east coast. For the past seven years I have sold real estate in Wilmington Delaware to many satisfied clients. I would be happy to help you find a reasonable well-built house. Sincerely Andrew Myers

94. Mrs. Helen Richards February 7 2005 178 Watkins Way Maple Shade New Jersey 16942 Dear Helen I will be traveling to Carson City Nevada on Monday April 14 2005 to visit some relatives. I will be staying for one week and I was hoping I could visit with you. I thought we could exchange photos catch up with one another and even plan another trip together. Let me know if you’ll be around. Fondly Mary