1. Conception of a global SAR mission for land imaging on the tropics Gilberto Câmara Director General National Institute for Space Research (INPE) Brazil

2. How can Brazil achieve its deforestation targets? Motivation: Brazilian National Plan for Climate Change

3. INPE has international credibility TerraAmazon “Today, Brazil’s monitoring system is the envy of the world. INPE has its own remote sensing satellite, a joint effort with China, that allows it to publish yearly totals of deforested land that scientists regard as reliable.”

4. INPE´s results have worldwide impact

5. Society is watching!

6. Until 2015, Norway will give up to US$ 1 billion to reduce deforestation in the Amazon. Norway’s contribution will depend on how successful Brazil will be in reducing deforestation. Brazil has the largest rain forest and one of the world’s most advanced systems for surveillance of deforestation. Other countries want to help

7. Challenge: Cloud cover in the tropics Most tropical areas have > 50% cloud cover yearly (source: International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project)

8. Challenge: Cloud cover in Amazonia São Félix do Xingu, Brazil, cloud covered from October to May

9. Deforestation classes per area 13%22%27%32%31%68%38%More than 300 ha 10%11% 12%14%6%12%150 a 300 ha 7% 8%3%8%100 a 150 ha 16%14%13%12%13%6%12%50 a 100 ha 19%16%13%11% 5%11%25 a 50 ha 25%20%16%14%12%6%11%10 a 25 ha 10%9% 8%6%4%5%Less than 10 ha 2006200520042003200220012000 Tendência de Aumento Tendência de Redução Aproxim. Estável Aumento Redução Estável Challenges: clearing size is falling

10. Alerta DETER nov-2007 Landsat/TM August 2007 MODIS November 2007 Challenge: deforestation during the rainy season

11. Clearing land for pasture during the rainy season Checking DETER´s data (February 2008)

12. Landsat/TM 226/68 17/Ago/2007 New deforestation shown by DETER DETER out-2007 Challenge: need for medium-resolution data during the rainy season

13. Exploração – estágio inicial Checking DETER´s data (February 2008) Intensive timber extraction during the rainy season

14. SAR user requirements in Brazil Source: Brazilian SAR users workshop, 2002 + recent additions (Forestry) Workshop organizer (2002): W. Paradella Recent additions: D. Valeriano Agricult.Cartogr.Oil spillsForestryGeologyHydrologyOceans Urban Mapping FrequencyLLCLLLCL Polariz.Quad-pol.N. A.VV, HHQuad-pol.HH, HVQuad-pol. Incidence Interval Variable 20-30°/ 45-60° 20-45°Large interval20-45°45-60°40-45° Spatial Resol. 10-30 m2-5 m30-50 m10 – 50 m5 – 10 m10 meters30-100 m2-5 m Swath Width 30-300 Km N. A. 150-350 Km 100–500 Km 40-100 Km100 Km350 Km 40-100 km Revisit15 daysN. A..< 1 day7-15 daysSeasonal 10 - 15 days DailyN.A.

15. PETROBRAS Solimões Terminal, Coari [LHH(R) + LVV (G)+LHV(B)] Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella Researcher: F. P. Miranda (PETROBRAS)

16. Tapajós National Forest [ 10 m res, LHH(R) + LVV (G) + LHV (B)] Motivation for L-band SAR: Amazonia Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: C. Freitas, J. R. Santos, L.V. Dutra, C. Mura

17. Bragança, Pará [10 m res, LHH(R) LVV(G) LHV(B)] Motivation for L-band SAR: Coastal regions Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella Researchers: P. W. Souza (UFPA), M. T. Prost (MPEG)

18. Motivation for L-band SAR: Agriculture L.E. Magalhães, Bahia [ 10 m resul, LHH(R)+LVV(G)+LHV(B)] Images from R99B airborne SAR (SIVAM) in 2005 Campaign chief scientist (INPE): Waldir Paradella INPE researchers: B. Rudorff, A.R. Formaggio

19. Industrial motivation: Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM X-band SAR-Image 3x3m Campinas, Brazil)

20. P-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Sorocaba, Brazil (10/2002) Industrial motivation: Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM

21. X-band SAR-Image 3x3m, Campinas, Brazil Industrial motivation: Brazilian OrbiSAR-1 SYSTEM

22. LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics) 5-day full world coverage at 30m; 25-day full world coverage at 10m; 1-day spot at 5m; Sun-Synchronous Dawn-Dusk Orbit; Full Power on descending and ascending; Double-sided access by roll maneuver;

23. LANDSAR (SAR for world´s tropics) Positioning Control: 100m Positioning Determination: 30cm near real time. Attitude : Control - 0.1º in roll, pitch and yaw Determination -0.05º in roll, pitch and yaw Timing Accuracy: 50us.

24. ScanSAR TOPSAR LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal) ScanSAR/TOPSAR: Number of range looks of detected products: 4 Total ground range swath at the equator: 560km Resolution: 30 m x 30 m Global coverage time at the equator: 5 days Polarization: HH+HV

25. Spotlight Stripmap LANDSAR Modes (initial proposal) Number of range looks of detected products: 8 Total ground range swath at the equator: 115km Resolution: 14 m x 14 m Coverage time at the equator: 25 days Polarization: HH+HV Number of range looks of detected products: 2 Total ground range swath at the equator: 50km Resolution: 5 m x 5 m Time for Surveying: 1 day Polarization: HH+HV

26. Interferometric SAR Polarization HH + HV LANDSAR Polarization + InSAR

27. LANDSAR Operational Capabilities: Amazonia in 5 days with 30 m resolution

28. LANDSAR Operational Capabilities: Amazonia in 25 days with 10 m resolution

29. LandSARRISAT (India) Sentinel (ESA) SAOCOM (Argentin a) ALOS-2TerraSAR -X Cosmo- Skymed Frequency (GHz)1.255.355.41.31.29.659.6 Resolution (m)30502511510018.5100 Max Range Swath (km)560240250270350100200 PolarizationHH, HV, VH, VV dualHH, HV, VH, VV Single, Dual HH+HV or VV+VH HH, HV, VH, VV Repeat Cycle (days)25?6 (2sats) ??114 (4 sats) Coverage Time (days)5136 (2sats) 2 at 35º South ?20.5 (4 sats) Systematic Acquisition (times/year) 73?60 (2sats) ---- To be launched in201420092011 and 2014 2010201320102007- 2010 Comparison: wide swath in 2014

30. LandSARRISAT (India) Sentinel (ESA) SAOCOM (Argent) ALOS-2TerraSAR -X Cosmo- Skymed Frequency (GHz)1.255.355.41.31.29.659.6 Resolution (m)1435710615 Max Range Swath (km)115308050703040 PolarizationHH, HV, VH, VV ?Single, Dual, Full dualHH, HV, VH, VV Repeat Cycle (days)25?6 (2 sats) ??114 (4 sats) Coverage Time (days)25196 (2 sats) ??20.5 (4 sats) Systematic Acquisition (times/year) 14?60 (2 sats) ---- To be launched in201420092011 and 2014 2010201320102007- 2010 Comparison: narrow swath in 2014

31. LandSARRISAT (India) Sentinel (ESA) SAOCOM (Argent) ALOS-2TerraSAR -X Cosmo- Skymed Frequency (GHz)1.255.35--1.29.659.6 Resolution (m)3<2--31.51 Max Range Swath (km)5010--2510 Polarizationdual?--SingleDualHH, HV, VH, VV Repeat Cycle (days)25?--?114 (4 sats) Coverage Time (days)1-2?--?20.5 (4 sats) Systematic Acquisition (times/year) -?----- To be launched in201420092011 and 2014 2010201320102007- 2010 Comparison: spotlight mode in 2014