1. Transporting Hazardous Materials Mariam Al- Haj Ali 27 th October, 2008

2. guidelines for Transporting Hazardous Substances: 1.Transportation modes 2.Classification of hazardous substances 3. safe packaging 4.developing a working relationship between – the sender, the carrier and the receiver

3. Modes of Transportation

6. C hemicals are ranked numerically according to the hazards associated with them. -Health hazards - Fire hazards -Reactivity -Special hazards related to a chemical Numerical Ranking

7. Identification Number (UN/NA) UN Number - Numerical (XXXX) system to overcome language barriers Currently about 3000 numbers allocated. Against estimated >60,000 dangerous chemicals Proper Shipping Name (PSN) - Examples : – UN 0209 - Trinitrotoluene (TNT) – UN 1223 - Kerosene – UN 1993 - Flammable liquid N.O.S. – UN 3175 - Solids containing flammable liquids N.O.S.

8. Packing Group number (I, II or III) assigned to each proper shipping name. The Packing Group number identifies the Degree of Danger presented by the material. PG I - Greatest Danger PG II - Moderate Danger PG III - Minor Danger PG concept is not applicable to explosives, gases, organic peroxides, infectious substances & radioactive materials Packing Groups

9. Hazardous materials classes The hazard class of a hazardous material is indicated either by:  its class (or division) number  its class name

10. Class 1 - Explosives They are chemically or energetically unstable or they produce a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied by the production of heat and large changes in pressure (and typically also a flash and/or loud noise) upon initiation.chemicallyenergetically unstableheat Divided into six (6) division Examples: Picric Acid.

11. Class 2 :Gases Types of Transportation systems – Compressed - Oxygen Cylinders – Deeply refrigerated- Liquefied Nitrogen – Dissolved - Acetone. Divisions - 2.1: Flammable gases - LPG 2.2: Non-flammable / non-toxic gases - Nitrogen 2.3: Toxic gases - Arsine

12. Class 3 - Flammable Liquid Flammable Liquids Liquid with flashpoint of ( 23 to 60.5°C) Flashpoint is the temperature of a liquid at which it’s vapor will ignite. Examples: Paint thinner, Acetone, Methanol

13.  Use flammable liquids only where there is plenty of ventilation.  Be careful not to get a flammable liquid on you or your clothing.  If you get it on you, wash it off or change your clothes as soon as you can.  Keep flammable liquids away from any open flame or spark and never smoke where flammable liquids are present.  Follow the manufacturer’s suggestions for their use.

14. Class 4 : Flammable Solids  They may react violently or explosively : May be ignited with friction, heat, sparks or flame. e.g. Sulphur, UN 1350

15. Class 4 : Flammable Solids On contact with water, emit flammable gases. e.g. Magnesium & Sodium powder, UN 1418 http://www.blazetech.com/Products___Services/Fires_and_Explosions/Magnesium_ Fire/magnesium_fire.html Liable to spontaneous combustion e.g. White or yellow phosphorous, UN 1381 This is a picture of yellow phosphorusThis is a picture of phosphorus burning

16. spontaneous combustion It is a type of combustion which occurs without an external ignition sourcecombustion How spontaneous combustion occurs? A substance with a relatively low ignition temperature begins to release heat, which may occur in several ways, such as oxidation or fermentation.oxidation fermentation The heat is unable to escape, and the temperature of the material rises The temperature of the material rises above its ignition point Combustion begins, if sufficient oxygen is present.oxygen Safety: place the material in a tightly confined, self-closing disposal container (thus greatly limiting the supply of oxygen or water vapor)

17.  For metallic flammable solids (e.g., phosphorus, sodium, lithium, magnesium) do not use water, foam or carbon dioxide as a fire suppressant.  Dousing metallic fires with water may generate hydrogen gas, an extremely dangerous explosion hazard,  You must have a class D extinguisher on hand if you are using these materials Flammable Solids Safe Handling Guideline

18. Class 5 – Oxidizing Substances Oxidizers Division 5.1 Oxidizers Substances which, while in themselves not necessarily combustible may, generally by yielding oxygen cause or contribute to, the combustion of other material. e.g. Sodium Nitrate, UN 1498 Potassium permanganate, UN 1490

19. Class / Division 5.2 : Organic Peroxides Thermally unstable substances which may undergo exothermic self- accelerating decomposition. Affected by heat, friction, impurities.

20. Class 6 - Toxic (Poisonous) Substances Toxic Substances  Divided into two (2) divisions  Division 6.1 Toxic (other than gas) (oral / inhalation / dermal toxicity) Example: Cyanides  Division 6.2 Infectious Substances Example: Hepatitis B virus

21. Class 7 - Radioactive Materials  Radioactive Materials e.g. thorium and uranium compounds  No Packing Group for this class Type I - Low activity / hazards Type II -High activity / hazard

22. Class 8 - Corrosive Materials Corrosives Substances which by chemical action, will cause severe damage when in contact with living tissues In the case of leakage could destroy other goods or the transport equipment. Examples: Acids, Bases (HCl, NaOH, H2SO4)

23. Class 9 - Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods Material presents hazard during transport but doesn't meet definition of any other hazard class Example: Dry Ice

25.  All dangerous goods must be shipped in packaging that has been manufactured and tested to meet specific performance standards as described by CFR 173.24.  Package specifications will help ensure that: 1.The material is compatible with the packing material. 2.The package will help prevent a release during activities incident to transportation. Packaging

26. Once the material is identified and placed in the proper package, other steps are followed to convey the type of hazard a material poses to persons exposed to the material during shipment (including emergency responders). There are four (4) elements of hazardous material communication that are referenced in 49 CFR 172. They are: Shipping papers Marking Labeling Placarding Hazardous Materials Communications

27.  Each shipping description must include the following information: Proper shipping name Hazard Class or Division Identification Number (UN/NA) Packing Group Quantity and Unit of Measure Emergency Phone Number Shipping Papers (172.200)

29. Identification Number (UN/NA) UN Number - Numerical (XXXX) system to overcome language barriers Currently about 3000 numbers allocated. Against estimated >60,000 dangerous chemicals Proper Shipping Name (PSN) - Examples : – UN 0209 - Trinitrotoluene (TNT) – UN 1223 - Kerosene – UN 1993 - Flammable liquid N.O.S. – UN 3175 - Solids containing flammable liquids N.O.S.

30. Packing Group number (I, II or III) assigned to each proper shipping name. The Packing Group number identifies the Degree of Danger presented by the material. PG I - Greatest Danger PG II - Moderate Danger PG III - Minor Danger PG concept is not applicable to explosives, gases, organic peroxides, infectious substances & radioactive materials Packing Groups

31.  All shipping papers must contain a 24-hour emergency number.  This number must be attended at all times the package is in transit  Must be answered by an individual able to provide immediate information on the package. Emergency Phone Number

32. Proper shipping Nameacetone Hazard Class/Division3 Identification NumberUN 1090 Packing GroupPG II Shipping Papers – Example of Basic Description These four elements must appear in this order!

33. The marking information will include: Shipping name UN/NA identification number Name and address of the receiver Name and address of the shipper Package Marking Marking is written information on the package.

34.  Directional arrows  Inhalation hazard warning Additional types of markings that may be required for packages containing hazardous materials include: Additional Container Markings

35. Marking must be : Durable In English Well contrasted from the background color (i.e., no black on black) Away from and unobscured by other labels or attachments Marking

36.  For each material you will find the required Hazard Label(s).  These labels are related to the Hazard class/division of the (dangerous goods) in the package. Labeling

37. Placards are the large diamond shaped labels posted on the exterior of the transport vehicle. Placards are similar to labels in shape, color, and design and are designed to warn and guide emergency responders of appropriate actions to take in the event of an accident. Placards also serve to alert the general public to the potential hazards of the material. Placarding

38. Description of the hazardous material Immediate hazards to health Immediate methods for handling small or large fires, spills or leaks. Preliminary first aid measures Emergency Information To Accompany Shipment

39. Handle packages carefully to prevent accidents. Carry packages securely. Store package in upright position, out of pedestrian traffic, until it is delivered or picked up by the appropriate recipient Don't stack boxes of hazardous materials. Package Handling & Storage

40. Examine the exterior of all packages before accepting them If any problems are observable DO NOT ACCEPT the shipment Do not touch a container that is open, leaking, weeping, broken. Damaged, wet or leaking packages are the responsibility of the transporter. Package Receipt

41. sender, Carrier and Receiver Responsibilities for Successful Transportation

42.  Provides advice to the sender regarding the necessary shipping documents and instructions for their completion  Provides advice to the sender about correct packaging  Assists the sender in arranging the most direct routing and then confirms the routing  Maintains and archives the documentation for shipment and transport. The carrier

43. Shipments should not be dispatched until:  Advance arrangements have been made between the sender, carrier and receiver  The shipper has confirmed with the national authorities that the material may be legally exported  The receiver has confirmed with the national authorities that the material may be legally imported  The receiver has confirmed that there will be no delay incurred in the delivery of the package to its destination.

44. Chemical Spills

45. Do NOT attempt to clean up a spill if any of the following conditions apply:  More than one chemical has spilled  The quantity spilled is greater than one liter  The substance is unknown or you are uncertain of the hazards of the substance  You are uncomfortable in the situation.

46. Have available to you: DOT Emergency Response Guide Book Access to instructions and /or material safety data sheets for the chemical in use. Access to PPE (i.e., gloves and safety goggles ) to clean up a spill Preparing For Emergencies

47. Access to spill absorbents (Spill pads or pillows) sufficient to contain and absorb 1 liter of liquid Access to Plastic bags or containers to place spill waste material Emergency Phone Number

48.  Spill pads or pillows sufficient to contain and absorb 1 liter of liquid  Plastic bags or containers to place spill waste material  Emergency Phone Number s

49. There are two types of spills: SIMPLE SPILLS - one which you can safely clean up yourself. Less than 1 L of a Known Material HIGH HAZARD SPILLS - one which you can't safely clean up yourself. Contact the Safety & Assurance for additional assistance. Spills

50. (Less than 1 L of a Known Material) Minor spills may be controlled and cleaned up by employees who work with the substance and understand the hazards of the material following these steps: Minor Spill Response  Avoid breathing vapors from the spill;  Wear protective equipment, including safety goggles, gloves and a long-sleeved shirt or other protective clothing;  Alert people in the immediate area of the spill

51.  If spilled material is flammable, turn off ignition and heat sources.

52.  Apply spill pillow/pads or other absorbent material, first around the outside of the spill, encircling the material, then absorb to the center of the spill.  Sweep/shovel up absorbent material.

53.  Dispose of all materials (gloves, brooms, paper towels) used to clean up the spill in a sealed container.  Label and dispose of all bags or containers as hazardous waste.  Contact Safety officer for a hazardous waste collection.

54.  Report the incident to your supervisor or Safety officer.

55. Major Spill Response (More than 1 L or Unknown Material)  Close the doors to the affected area.  Alert other persons in the area to evacuate  Attend to injured or contaminated persons and remove them from exposure as practical.

56. Ask for help !!! “777” Give your name, information on the material spilled (name, quantity, etc) and the exact location of the spill (room, floor, etc.). Report to the building entrance to provide information to and/or assist emergency personnel.

57. Chemical spill on body  Remove all contaminated clothing  Flood exposed area with running water from: a faucet or safety shower for at least 15 minute

58.  Report the incident to your supervisor or Safety officer.  Have another individual to obtain medical attention

59. Chemical Splashed in Eye:  Immediately rinse eyeball and inner surface of eyelid with water continuously for 15 minutes.  Forcibly hold eye lid(s) open to ensure effective wash behind eyelids.  Obtain medical attention  Report the incident to your supervisor or instructor and Safety Officer.

60. Infectious substances

61. contain microorganisms (including: bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) can cause disease in humans or animals. Infectious substances are divided into two categories. Infectious substance, Category A Infectious substance, Category B

62. Infectious substance, Category A causing permanent disability, life-threatening or fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans or animals. NOTE: An exposure occurs when an infectious substance is released outside of the protective container

63. Infectious substance, Category B An infectious substance which does not meet the criteria for inclusion in Category A. Infectious substances in Category B shall be assigned to UN 3373.

64. Patient specimens These are human or animal materials, collected directly from humans or animals, being transported for research, diagnosis, investigational activities, disease treatment and prevention. Category B

65. NOTE: The proper shipping name of UN 3373 is “BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B”

66. Blood borne Pathogens You Are At Risk! - As a healthcare worker, you come into contact With blood borne pathogens. -These are infectious organisms, usually viruses, which live in human blood and other potentially infectious body fluids. -The most important ones are… -Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) -Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -Hepatitis C Virus

67. Blood needed for transmission The amount of blood needed to cause HBV infection is very mall. One milliliter of blood contains up to 100 million infectious particles. Of the persons exposed to HBV by needle stick, 30% will get the infection.

68. Transmission by Needle stick The risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus from a needle stick involving an individual who has detectable virus in the blood is as high as 5% and about 2% on the average.

69. No vaccine is currently available for hepatitis C virus…..

70. How easily is HIV transmitted? After an exposure to HIV by a contaminated needle, the chance of becoming infected is usually less than 1%. However, exposures from patients with high numbers of viral particles in their blood may be more hazardous. Because of the extremely serious nature of HIV, we must take every precaution to avoid workplace exposure.

71. Exceptions The following substances are exempted from dangerous goods requirements and regulations: substances that do not contain infectious substances or will not cause disease in humans or animals substances containing microorganisms that are not pathogenic to humans or animals substances in which any pathogens present have been neutralized or inactivated such that they no longer pose a health risk

72. Exceptions (continued) environmental samples (including food and water samples) that are not considered to pose a significant risk of infection blood and/or blood components collected and shipped for the purposes of transfusion dried blood spots and fecal occult blood screening tests decontaminated medical or clinical wastes.

73. Preventative Measures Preventative measures are actions that you can take to protect yourself from blood borne pathogens. Hepatitis B Vaccine

74. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) PPE includes items such as: Gloves Masks Eye protection

75. Work Practice Controls Wherever there is a risk of exposure, forbid: Smoking Eating or drinking Handling contact lenses Hair, hair cover or beard from coming into contact with contaminants.

76. Importance of Hand washing Hand washing is the most important method of infection control and prevention available.

77. Sharps A sharp is any object which can penetrate the skin. Examples include: Needles Broken glass About 800,000 needle stick and sharps injuries occur in the U.S. healthcare workplace each year! It is important to handle and dispose sharps properly.

78.  Medical advice should be obtained any time there is a suspected exposure to infectious substances resulting from a damaged package.

79. Packaging, labeling and documentation requirements for infectious substances in Category B Packaging. Packaging should comply fully with the requirements of P650.

80. General preparation of shipments for transport Shippers of infectious substances shall ensure that packages are prepared in such a manner that they: arrive at their destination in good condition and present no hazard to persons or animals during transport.

81. Biohazardous Material Transport through Public Areas Within a Building: Safe transport includes the following:  Placing the biohazardous material in a primary specimen container (blood tubes, agar plates, flasks, test tubes, ) secured with a tight-fitting cap, Parafilm, or tape.  Placing the primary container in a secondary container with absorbent towels to cushion the primary container and absorb liquids in the event of a leak or spill.  The secondary container must be labeled with a biohazard symbol.

82. Packaging system for all infectious substances Off-campus The packaging should consist of three components: (i)a leak-proof primary receptacle(s)

83. (ii) a leak-proof, durable secondary packaging

84. iii) an outer packaging of adequate strength, and with at least one surface having minimum dimensions of 100 mm × 100 mm

88.  For surface transport there is no maximum quantity per package.  For air transport: no primary receptacle shall exceed 1 l (for liquids) or the outer packaging mass limit (for solids) the volume shipped per package shall not exceed 4 l or 4 kg.  These quantities exclude ice, dry ice or liquid nitrogen when used to keep specimens cold. Package Quantity

89. Each package shall display the following information: for air:  the shipper’s name, address and telephone number  the telephone number of a responsible person, knowledgeable about the shipment  the proper shipping name (“BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B”) For other transportation modes  the receiver’s name, address and telephone number All markings should be clearly visible and not covered by any other label or marking. Marking

90.  This marking is used for shipments of Category B infectious substances.  The words “BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B” shall be displayed adjacent to the mark. “BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE, CATEGORY B” Marking – Category B, for Air Transportation

91. There are two types of labels: (a)hazard labels : required for most dangerous goods in all classes. Specific hazard label(s) shall be affixed to the outside of each package for all dangerous goods to be shipped. Labeling

92. (b) handling labels in various shapes are required, either alone or in addition to hazard labels.

93. When dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), this label shall be applied. Note: For air transport: Labeling – Category B Dry ice is colder than (-73° Centigrade)

94. For cryogenic liquids (deeply refrigerated liquefied gases), these Handling labels should also be affixed to outer packaging Note: For air transport:

99. The following shipping documents are required : for international shipments: a packing list/ invoice that includes:  Shipper's address  Receiver’s address  Number of packages  Detail of contents, weight, value Documentation

100. Fedex Declaration Form

103. Refrigerants (Dry Ice) If dry ice is used:  It must not be placed inside the primary or secondary receptacle because of the risk of explosions.  It shall be placed outside the secondary receptacle.  The package shall be marked “Carbon dioxide, solid” or “Dry ice”  the outermost packaging shall carry the hazard label for dry ice.

104. Safety Key #1: Dry ice is extremely cold (-109 F = -78.3°C) Always use gloves when handling dry ice. Safety Key #2: Carbon Dioxide is heavier than oxygen, and will displace oxygen in the air. Always use in a well-ventilated area. If transporting Dry Ice in a vehicle, open the windows of the vehicle while driving. Leave the windows cracked open if you need to park the vehicle. Ideally, you would store the dry ice in a well-ventilated area. If this isn’t possible, always ventilate the storage area before entering. Safety Key #3: Dry ice turns into gas and expands. Dry ice stored in a tightly sealed container is potentially explosive. Dry Ice Safety http://www.fun-science-project-ideas.com/Dry_Ice_Safety.html

105.  Wet ice shall be placed in a leak-proof container.  The outer packaging or over pack shall also be leak-proof.  Gel Ice is a subsititute for wet ice and is used to help maintain the temperature of fresh and frozen shipments 24 hours to Freeze. It will last 24-36 hours if undisturbed in styrofoam cooler. Refrigerants (Wet Ice)

106.  If liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant, special arrangements shall be made in advance with the carrier.  Primary receptacles shall be capable of withstanding extremely low temperatures.  The outermost packaging shall carry the hazard label for liquid nitrogen. Refrigerants (Liquid Nitrogen) Hazard label for liquid nitrogen

107. Small blood spills Put paper towels on the spill to blot and avoid splattering Then applying disinfectant. Use appropriate personal protective equipment.

108. Looking for a quick and easy way to clean up and deodorize potentially dangerous blood and body fluid spills?  Red Z is available in a flip-top shaker bottle.  Just shake Red Z directly onto the spill and within seconds the spill has been solidified.  The granulated gel can be scooped up with no splashing, spraying, or dripping.

109. Universal Precaution Compliance Kit Designed in accordance with CDC and OSHA recommendations, this kit contains everything necessary to clean up blood, spills, and bodily fluids. Universal Precaution Kit Includes: Disposable protective gown Disposable latex gloves (one pair) Disposable mask with eye shield One packet of Red-Z absorbent Disposable scoop and scraper to pick up solidified spill Super-Chlor XL premoistened wipe for surfaces and equipment One Vionex antimicrobial skin wipe for single use Detailed instructions

110.  Asepto-Sol is designed to provide a practical, effective and safe technique for disinfecting impressions as well as gypsum casts.  It enables the dentist to disinfect the impression by spraying or soaking the impression in the solution for 10 minutes.  As an extra precaution and to achieve a higher level of disinfection, the solution can be mixed with the gypsum itself, without any risk of dimensional change or weakening of the stone cast.  this second step enables the stone cast to virtually disinfect itself automatically. Asepto-Sol Imression / Gypsum Disinfectant

111. Safe-Seal Laboratory Transport and Specimen Bag OSHA SAYS....IT MUST PREVENT LEAKAGE "Specimens of blood or other infectious materials shall be placed in a container which prevents leakage during collection, handling, processing, storage, transport or shipping".

112. References: 1. WHO Guidance on regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances, 2007– 2008. 2. H AZARDOUS M ATERIALS S HIPPING AND T RANSPORTATION A WARENESS T RAINING. http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/EHSRM/TRAINING/HazMat_Training.html http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/EHSRM/TRAINING/HazMat_Training.html 3. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, August 2008. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=%2Findex.tpl http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=%2Findex.tpl 4. Transporting infectious substances safely, Federal Regiter. http://hazmat.dot.gov/training/Transporting_Infectious_Substances_Safely.pdf 5. Hazardous Materials: Flammable Solids Safe Handling Guideline. http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/eshmanual/references/hazmatGuideFlamSolid.pdf

113. Thank you