1. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's1 impromptu extemporaneous scripted memorized There are four types of oral presentations:

2. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's2 Analyze the speaking situation. Organize and develop the presentation. Prepare presentation graphics. Choose effective language. Rehearse the presentation. Preparing an oral presentation requires five steps:

3. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's3 clients and customers colleagues in your organization fellow professionals at technical conferences the public You will deliver presentations to four types of audiences:

4. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's4 Here is the typical time allotment for a 20-minute presentation: TaskTime (minutes) Introduction2 Body First major point4 Second major point4 Third major point4 Conclusion2 Questions4

5. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's5 Follow these five guidelines when introducing a presentation: Introduce yourself. State the title of your presentation. Explain the purpose of your presentation. State your main point. Provide an advance organizer.

6. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's6 Follow these four guidelines when concluding a presentation: Announce that you are concluding. Summarize the main points. Look to the future. Invite questions politely.

7. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's7 It presents a clear, well-supported claim. It is easy to see. It is easy to read. It is simple. It is correct. An effective graphic has five characteristics:

8. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's8 length of the presentation audience aptitude and experience size and layout of the room equipment When planning your graphics, consider four aspects of the speaking situation:

9. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's9 Select from the five basic media for presentation graphics: computer presentation overhead projector chalkboard or other hard writing surface objects handouts

10. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's10 Listeners can’t go back to listen again to something they didn't understand. Because you are speaking live, you must maintain your listeners’ attention, even if they are hungry or tired or the room is too hot. There are two reasons to choose effective language for a presentation:

11. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's11 Use these elements to signal the organization of your presentation: advance organizers summaries transitions

12. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's12 Follow these three guidelines for using memorable language: Involve the audience. Refer to people, not to abstractions. Use interesting facts, figures, and quotations.

13. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's13 Concentrate on three aspects related to delivering a presentation: Calm your nerves. Use your voice effectively. Use your body effectively.

14. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's14 Think about these six points to help calm your nerves: You are much more aware of your nervousness than the audience is. Nervousness gives you energy and enthusiasm. After a few minutes, your nervousness will pass. You are prepared. The audience is there to hear you, not to judge you. The audience is made up of individual people who happen to be sitting in the same room.

15. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's15 Try these four techniques to release nervous energy: Walk around. Go off by yourself for a few minutes. Talk with someone for a few minutes. Take several deep breaths, exhaling slowly.

16. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's16 Pay attention to five aspects of vocalizing: volume speed pitch articulation nonfluencies

17. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's17 Follow these four guidelines when facing an audience: Maintain eye contact. Use natural gestures. Don’t block the audience’s view of the screen. Control the audience’s attention.

18. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's18 Follow these three tips for presenting to a multicultural or multilingual audience: Hire translators and interpreters if necessary. Use graphics effectively to reinforce your points for nonnative speakers. Be aware that gestures can have cultural meanings.

19. Chapter 15. Making Oral Presentations © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin's19 Be prepared for these four problems you might encounter in answering questions: You’re unsure everyone heard the question. You don’t understand the question. You have already answered the question during the presentation. A belligerent member of the audience rejects your response and insists on restating his or her original point.