1. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology
Chapter 4
Memory Systems
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

2. Basic Processes of Memory
Encoding concerns perceiving, recognizing, and further processing an object so that it can be later remembered.
Storage refers to transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Retrieval concerns searching long-term memory and finding the event that has been stored and retrieved.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

5. Sensory Memory
Refers to brief persistence of stimuli following transduction. Its function is to permit stimuli to be perceived, recognized, and entered into short-term memory.
Duration of 250 ms and large capacity.
Iconic vs. echoic sensory memory are similar but estimates of echoic duration were distorted by retrieval from short term memory.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

8. Short- vs. Long-Term Stores: Behavioral Dissociations
Serial position effect with primacy caused by retrieval from rehearsed items stored in long-term memory; recency benefits from short-term store.
Rapid presentation eliminates primacy but preserves recency.
Delayed recall eliminates recency but preserves primacy.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

11. Short- vs. Long-Term Stores: Neurological Dissociations
Anterograde amnesia refers to difficulty in remembering events that occur after the onset of amnesia; disruption in transfer from short- to long-term store.
Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memory of events that occurred prior to the onset of the illness; disruption in long-term storage or retrieval of past events.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

14. Differences Among 3 Memory Stores
Capacity—only short-term memory is severely limited in capacity, namely, to 4 chunks.
Duration—differences are an order of magnitude or more among sensory (250 ms), short-term (20 s), and long-term (20 years or more).
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

16. Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

19. Similarities Among 3 Memory Stores
Difficult to distinguish sensory and short-term memory on the basis of coding.
Short- as well as long-term stores use semantic coding, although acoustic-articulatory coding dominates short-term memory as seen in the phonemic similarity effect.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

21. Similarities among 3 Memory Stores
Forgetting follows the same power function regardless of whether the duration is 20 s or 20 years.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

23. Similarities among 3 Memory Stores
Forgetting follows the same power function regardless of whether the duration is 20 s or 20 years.
Retrieval may be serial and exhaustive in short-term memory and parallel in long-term memory, but the evidence is mixed.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

25. Working Memory
Refers to the system for temporarily maintaining mental representations that are relevant to the performance of a cognitive task in an activated state.
Consists of executive attention plus multiple short-term stores.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

27. Baddeley’s Multicomponent Model of Working Memory
Baddeley proposed a phonological loop and a visual-spatial sketch pad coordinated by a central executive.
The loop stores and rehearses verbal representations whereas the sketch pad does the same for visual/spatial representations.
Central executive focuses and switches attention, supervises and coordinates the storage components, and retrieves representations from long-term memory.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

29. Neurological Dissociations and Working Memory
Case studies suggest (1) a semantic component separate from the phonological or verbal component, and (2) a spatial store separate from a visual store.
Neuroimaging confirms separate spatial, visual, and verbal stores.
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

31. Cowan’s Embedded Process Model of Working Memory
Short-term memory is the currently active subset of long-term memory. It is thus embedded within memory.
Accessibility of memory is greater in working compared with long-term memory.
Accessibility is greatest in the current focus of attention (limited to 4 chunks).
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.

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Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 2e by Ronald T. Kellogg ©SAGE Publications, Inc.