1. Chapter 14 The Physical Geography of Russia

5. The Land

6. A Vast and Varied Land World’s largest country 6,200 miles 11 times zones 9 mountain ranges 13 seas

7. Mountains and Plateaus Ural Mountains – separate European Russia from Asian Russia Small mountains but with iron ore, oil, natural gas, etc. Caucasus Mountains – Southwest, Mount Elbrus 18,510 feet Central Siberian Plateau Kanchatka Peninsula – 100 volcanoes (23 active), as low as -90 degrees

8. Plains North European Plain – poorly drained, so many swamps and lakes South portion has rich black soil (chernozem) which supports wheat, rye, oats 75% of population live here West Siberian Plain – one of worlds largest flat areas Many swamps and marshes

9. Coasts, Seas, and Lakes Longest coastline in the world (23,000 miles) Not many seaports b/c of freezing Warm air along Black Sea – fishing thrives there Caspian Sea – largest inland body of water in world (actually a lake) Lake Baikal – 400 miles long, deepest freshwater lake in world Hold 20% of world’s freshwater!!!!

10. Rivers Long rivers, and many provide electric power Most rivers are in Siberia, so European Russians often face water shortages The Volgar River – connect Moscow and Caspian Sea. Frozen half year, but provides hydroelectric power Becoming polluted Siberian Rivers – rivers sources melt before mouths causing flooding

11. Natural Resources Minerals and Energy – Mineral fuels 16% of world’s coal reserve Most DRY natural gas in world Nickel, aluminum, gemstones, sulfur, tungsten Soil and Forest 10% of land can have agriculture Black Earth Belt 1/5 of world’s forests, but shrinking faster than amazon

12. Russia’s fishing industry HUGE Sturgeon being illegally hunted for caviar

13. Climate and Vegetation Section 2

14. Russia’s climates and Vegetation Long, cold winters and short, cool summers Eastern Siberia is coldest High-latitude climates – -30 to 64 degrees, little rain Tundra – above arctic circle and stays dark, 10% of Russia Subarctic – most of Russia, Taiga – forest belt, covers 2/5 of European Russian into Siberia (size of US)

17. Living in Cold Climate Heating Specials metals Water supply

18. Mid-latitude climates – most people live here Humid Continental – 9-21 in Jan. 56-75 in July Most of European Russia Descent growing War and Winter Napoleon in 1812 and Germans in WWII

19. Steppe – located between Black and Caspian Seas Slightly warmer, and winters are not nearly as harsh

20. Chapter 15 The Cultural Geography of Russia

21. Population Patterns Section1

22. Russia’s Ethnic Diversity Ethnic Groups – share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, etc. Ethnic Regions – Nationalities 1991 – 32 ethnic groups have own republics or administrative territories within Russia

23. The Slavs – Ethnic Russians including Poles, Serbs, Ukrainians, etc. Dominate politics and culture Practice Eastern Orthodoxy Mostly speak Russian

24. Turkic Peoples Second largest ethnic group Around Caucasus Area and Volga area Mostly Muslim, but considered Trukic by language Tatars is biggest groups of Turks 1994 – Russia gave Tatarstan limited sovereignty (self-rule)

25. Caucasian People Near Caucasus region of southeastern Russia Mostly Muslim Speak Russian but with different dialect Demand self-rule

26. Population Density and Distribution Population and the Environment 6 th largest population Near 150 mill people. 22 people per square mile 75% live between Belarus and Ukraine and Ural Mountains (120 per sq. mile) Moscow is the major industrial city

27. Population trends During Soviet Era, many moved to non-Russian republics After 1991, begin to return Life expectancy has declined because of lack of health care

28. History and Government Section 2

29. Early Peoples and States History begins around 600AD Slavs settled in North European Plain Divided West Slaves became the Poles, Czechs, and Slavaks South Slavs were Bulgarians, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes East Slavs were Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians

30. Kievan Rus 800 AD, Scandinavian warriors called the Varangianas cam and adopted language and customs. Built city-states known as Kievan Rus Popular trading routes 1200s, Mongol invaders from Central Asia took over and rules 200 years

31. The Rise of Russia When the Mongols overran Keiv, many Slavs fled to Moskva River (Moscow) with trade routes and good farming Muscovy kept peace with Mongols, but the princes became powerful and began refusing to pay Mongols and drive them out. Prince IVAN III (the Great) gathered the lands and created Russia 1533, Ivan IV became first czar (supreme ruler) and became known as Ivan the Terrible.

32. Romanov dynasty took over in 1613, and by then, peasants were serfs, a virtually enslaved workforces bound to the land and under the control of the nobility.

33. Romanov Czars Fell behind in science and technology, but Peter the Great came to modernize (1600s) Russia majorily expanded including territory and trade St. Petersburg was capital 1700s – Catherine the Great, adapted European ways (spoke French) But this put a divide between nobility and peasants.

34. The Russian Revolution 1800s – reform needed, government tyrannical, peasants hurting Czar Alexander II freed surfs…but not well thoughtout Russification – speak Russian and be Eastern Orthodox Socialism – a belief that calls for greater economic quality in society. Spurred by Karl Marx Believed everyone should be equal and receive equal wealth…thought it would end the power of the wealthy By 1900s, rioting…going against Czar Nicholas II

35. The Soviet Era 1917, representative government, but didn’t have much control Bolsheviks seized control and implemented Communism. Communism – a philosophy based on Karl Marx’s ideas that called for the violent overthrow of government and the creation of a new society led by workers. Pulled out of WWI, but took control of everything in land Civil War

36. The Soviet Union Bolsheviks won the civil war. Now known as Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Moscow now capital Lenin dies, Stalin takes over. Makes USSR major industrial giant People died by hunger and labor camps Killed all who threatened him and his power

37. A Superpower WWII, fighting Germany. 27 mill Russians die Soviet Union controlled much of Eastern Europe (1945) Satellites countries – East Germany, Poland, Hungary, etc. Next 4 decades, Cold War between USSR and US – fight between Communism and Capitalism

38. The Soviet Breakup 1800s, Communism failing 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev wanted Communist reform – created perestroika (economic reconstruction) and Glasnost (political openness) Soviet republics begin to declare independence Boris Yeltsin (first democratically elected president)m tried to stop continued uprising of communism

39. A New Russia Yeltsin assumed leadership Bad economy Ethnic conflicts Moving from command economy o market economy

40. Cultures and Lifestyles Chapter 15 section 3

41. Religion in Russia Eastern Orthodox Church vital to Russia before Communism Communism promoted atheism Relaxed religious laws…but now becoming more strict again.

42. Christianity in Russia 988, Prince Vladimir adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity By 1453, simply Orthodox Christianity Hurt during Communism but making comeback Churches being fixed Has a patriarch and icons

43. Islam Southern Regions of Russia Mostly Sunni sect, such as most Arab countries

44. Judaism Very persecuted Could hardly have land Pogroms – organized persecution and massacres During Communism, migrated to Israel or US

45. Buddhism Near the Caspian Sea and near Lake Baikal ½ Million Buddhists

46. Education 100% literacy rate in urban areas Soviet emphasis on free but mandatory eduction Favored military, science and engineering study verse language, history, and literature. Intelligentsia – educators, writers, artists. Doctors, teachers, etc are little paid Education changed after Communism Students can choose their type of school Schools are overcrowded and in disrepair

47. Health Care Disease and lifestyle helped lower life expectancy Births are dangerous and many diseases Healthcare is horrible. Doctors quit to become taxi drivers!

48. The Arts Love art, music, and writing Dangerous to express yourself 1600s, found inspiration in religion

49. Ilya Repin

51. Wassily Kandinsky

54. Culture and the Soviets Believed artists should glorify the achievements of Communism Socialist Realism Alexander Solzhenitsyn banished to labor camps and sent from country The Gulag Archipelago

56. Post Soviet Art More freedom

57. Life and Leisure Many hardships and shortages. But leisure time allowed Tennis, track and field, ice hockey Holidays Christmas finally reinstated for the first time since 1918

58. Russia Today Chapter 16

59. Living in Russia The Soviet Command Economy Command Economy – central authority makes key economic decisions. Control banks, factories, farms, mines, transportation Emphasized heavy industry – became a world power, but couldn’t get consumer goods Black Market SU did NOT turn focus to technology, so economy stagnated

60. The Market Economy Gorbachev was moving command economy to market economy – businesses are privately owned Supply and Demand

61. Privatization A change to private ownership This didn’t help the everyday man Crime damaged the economy

62. Agriculture and Industry Kolkhozes – small farms worked by farmers who shared in the farm’s production and profits Sovkhozes – large farms run more like factories Both of these were run by government and had unmotivated workers Trying to make it run by the people

63. Aerospace industry and military-industrial system beginning to be privately owned. Petroleum is most important industry, and crude oil is highest producer in world Wood and fishing

64. Transportation and communication Roads in disrepair, Harsh winters block roads Need railways and waterways Trans-Siberian Railroad Most people don’t own cars but rely on public transportation, but need improvement

65. Transporting energy Pipelines! Mass Communication Government in control of all communication, but changed since the fall Phone and internet becoming popular

66. Global Interdependence Trade: lumber, metals, chemicals Receive consumer goods, medicines, meat, and sugar Energy is it’s main item of international trade. International Relations: