1. APUSH ch. 21

2.  What was the Progressive movement? ◦ Social/political movement of early 1900s that attempted to use activism as well as gov’t power to cure social problems  Why was this so groundbreaking? ◦ Before about 1900, people didn’t think of gov’t as a reform tool ◦ Just supposed to ensure security, protect freedoms, advance national interests, etc.

3. What did the Progressive movement attempt to do? – Fix the problems of the late 1800s – Address problems stemming from industrialization, immigration, urbanization, etc. What topics concerned Progressives? – Labor reform – Immigration reform – Voting reform – Business regulation – Environmental protection – Consumer protection – Moral standards – Alcohol/drug regulation – Health regulations – Women’s suffrage

4. Who made up the Progressives? – Activists – Journalists & academics – Politicians NOT a separate party (initially) Both Dems and Reps joined the movement – And members from both parties opposed certain progressive ideals, so this wasn’t a “party line” issue Where did it start? – At the ground level – “grassroots” movement – The activists & writers influenced local politicians, then state, then fed gov’t – What event really got the movement going? – Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) – Convinced people of need to reform labor laws

6.  Thorstein Veblen ◦ The Theory of the Leisure Class  William James ◦ Pragmatism  Herbert Croly ◦ The Promise of American Life – advocated activist gov’t that promotes the interest of the masses  Jane Addams  John Dewey ◦ Public ed. As instrument of reform ◦ Pushed for social ed., ◦ democratic ideals in school  Oliver Wendell Holmes

7.  Muckrakers: ◦ Journalists who exposed America’s “dirty” secrets  Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – meatpacking industry  Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities – plight of the urban poor  Ida Tarbell – History of Standard Oil – shady business practices  David Graham Phillips – Treason of the Senate – Senate “controlled” by big business  Lewis Hine & Jacob Riis (photographers)  McClure’s & Collier’s magazine  Novelists: ◦ Frank Norris – The Octopus ◦ Theodore Dreiser – The Financier

8.  Activists: ◦ Jane Addams (urban poor) ◦ Florence Kelly (workers’ rights) ◦ Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul (women’s rights/suffrage) ◦ Margaret Sanger (women’s rights & birth control) ◦ John Dewey (education) ◦ Eugene Debs (unions, etc.)  Politicians ◦ Robert La Follette – Wisc. governor & senator ◦ William U’Ren – Oregon Rep. ◦ Louis Brandeis – Sup. Ct. ◦ TR – Square Deal ◦ Woodrow Wilson – New Freedom

9.  Voting – made more democratic ◦ Initiative – voters push for a vote on needed topic ◦ Referendum – people vote directly instead of representatives ◦ Recall – vote on bad politicians before term is up ◦ 17 th amendment – people vote directly for Senators ◦ 19 th Amendment – women suffrage ◦ Effects: political boss system erodes, etc.

10.  Regulating big business ◦ Trustbusting (TR and Taft) ◦ TR didn’t side w/ management like previous Pres. ◦ Mediated UMW strike, RR strike, etc. with gains for workers ◦ Hepburn Act (1906) – allowed ICC to set maximum RR rates, etc. ◦ Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) – closed loopholes used by big business under Sherman Act ◦ Federal Trade Commission created in 1914 to watch over big business ◦ Standard Oil & Northern Securities Co. broken up ◦ Effects: worker wages rise, unions empowered

11.  Workers Rights: ◦ Keating-Owen Act – bans products made w/ child labor from interstate commerce ◦ National Child labor committee as watchdog (regulates hrs, etc) ◦ Adamson Act – 8 hr workday for RR workers ◦ Muller v. Oregon – sets maximum hrs for female laundry workers ◦ Workmen’s Compensation Act – accident/injury protection for federal workers (later adopted in private sector)

12.  Cities/living conditions ◦ Parks created in urban areas ◦ Amusement parks ◦ Urban planning ◦ Better garbage collection, ◦ street cleaning ◦ Better sewage systems ◦ Effects: disease & infant mortality decline

13.  Temperance – ◦ WCTU & Anti- Saloon League ◦ Prohibition – 18 th Amendment ◦ Anti-prostitution – Mann Act

14.  The Jungle ◦ Meat Inspection Act 1906 ◦ Pure Food & Drug Act 1906  Narcotics Act –  only prescribed by doctors  Cocaine removed from Coca Cola, etc.  Immunizations for school age kids

15.  National Reclamation Act – funds dams & irrigation  TR sets aside 200 million acres for parks, etc.  Boy/Girl Scouts, Sierra Club  TR’s advisors - John Muir & Gifford Pinchot  Antiquities Act – protects archaeological sites

16.  Progressive wanted to preserve “white” values  Limited immigration – blamed immigrants for poor morals, urban decay ◦ Naturalization act of 1906 – only blacks and whites  Chinese Exclusion Act & literacy tests for immigrants  Eugenics  Sterilization of criminals

17.  Politicians split over tariffs – divided Rep party  1913 – Fed Reserve created  16 th amendment – Congress allowed to impose nat’l income tax  Federal Farm Loan Act – easier for farmers to get low-interest loans

18.  Civil rights – fed gov’t did little about racism in South and elsewhere ◦ Supreme Court – OK’ed segregation in Plessy v Ferguson (separate but equal) ◦ Jim Crow laws in South – segregation  Lynching was up in South, no law passed ◦ Ida B. Wells pushed for law against lynching  Split in black social thought ◦ WEB DuBois vs. Booker T. Washington ◦ DuBois – immediate civil rights, liberal arts ed.  Niagara Movement, NAACP – use courts to get rights ◦ Washington – gradual civil rights, vocational ed.  Tuskegee Institute & Atlanta Compromise Doctrine  End of Progressive Era – WWI