1. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 18 Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production 18.2 Digestion of Foods 1

2. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In stage 1, carbohydrates begin digestion in the mouth α-glycosidic bonds in amylose and amylopectin are hydrolyzed by enzymes released from salivary glands smaller polysaccharides such as dextrins, maltose, and glucose are produced 2

3. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In stage 1, digestion continues in the small intestine, where enzymes hydrolyze dextrins to maltose and glucose maltose, lactose, and sucrose are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides, mostly glucose, which enter the bloodstream for transport to the cells 3

4. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Carbohydrate Digestion 4

5. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digestion of Fats In stage 1, the digestion of fats (triacylglycerols) begins in the small intestine, where bile salts break fat globules into smaller particles called micelles requires enzymes from pancreas to hydrolyze triacylglycerols to yield monoacylglycerols and fatty acids absorbed by intestinal lining 5

6. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digestion of Triacylglycerols 6

7. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digestion of Proteins In stage 1, the digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, where HCl in stomach acid denatures proteins and activates enzymes to hydrolyze peptide bonds continues in the small intestine, where smaller proteins are completely hydrolyzed to amino acids ends as amino acids enter the bloodstream for transport to cells 7

8. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Digestion of Proteins 8

9. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Check Match the end products of digestion, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, or glucose, with the types of food. A. fats B. proteins C. carbohydrates 9

10. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Solution Match the end products of digestion, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, or glucose, with the types of food. A. fatsfatty acids and glycerol B. proteinsamino acids C. carbohydratesglucose 10