1. “The gradual change over time in the species that form a community”

2. Like small animals, small plants use simple diffusion and branching tubules to transport various materials throughout their body. Larger plants rely on vascular tissue to perform the same functions. A large tree may lose thousands of litres of water a day through transpiration and evaporation

3. ROOT root hairs absorb essential minerals (ACTIVE) minerals move towards XYLEM (xylem sap) water moves in via OSMOSIS : as long as minerals absorbed, water will follow ROOT PRESSURE = water +minerals  pushes sap up xylem this pressure can only push water a few metres max -but some trees >100m.: root pressure alone will not work  Only moves from root to leaf

4. STEM water clings to the inner surfaces of the xylem hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules  very strong forces of attraction creates a “pulling” force (against gravity) on the column of water molecules Capillary action - holding of water from the roots to tip

5. We still need a way to move the water up the plant LEAF LEAF PULL/TRANSPIRATION PULL -pulls results from the transpiration of water out of the leaf -as a water molecule evaporates it pulls the next molecule in an unbroken chain down to the root hairs evaporation requires energy, which the plant receives from the environment’s HEAT ENERGY.: E HEAT is the ultimate force moving water up plant

6.  Move both up and down plant in leaves, sugars are pumped into phloem sieve-tubes (ACTIVE TRANSPORT) creates a hypertonic solution forcing water in by osmosis from the hypotonic xylem  pressure pushing sugars down once at the root, sugars move out of sieve tubes into parenchyma storage cells (PASSIVE TRANSPORT) phloem sap experiences 2 different fluid pressures: High pressure in leaves “pushes” sap Low pressure in roots “pulls” sap All tissues in the plant that use sugars will develop a low phloem pressure. This will cause the plant to reverse the flow of the sugars to where it is needed.

7. 1.Contributing to the formation of richer soil as some plants died 2.Shading the soil (as they grew taller) thus changing the microclimate by decreasing temperature and increasing humidity 3.Stabilizing the soil by reducing erosion through the establishment of roots 4.Creating habitat and nutritional opportunities for heterotrophs Early terrestrial plants evolved and transformed the landscape by: Landscape Transformation by Plants

8. Evolutionary Adaptations of Terrestrial Plants To be successful on land plants must: 1.have structures to keep them upright in air 2.evolve structures that minimize water loss 3.evolve structures that allow plant to obtain, transport and distribute water, dissolved minerals, and photosynthetic product to entire plant body 4.develop a method of reproduction that does not rely on water

9. Thus some plant modifications or adaptations include development of: 1.supportive structures -- stems and roots/rhizoids 2.anchoring structures -- roots/rhizoids 3.transport systems to conduct nutrients and water -- vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) 4.means to reduce water loss – cuticle 5.means to regulate gas exchange and further reduce water loss – stomata 6.reproductive strategies for dry conditions -- spores, pollen, nectar, colourful flowers, fruits and seeds

12. Primary succession: Succession in an area that has no plants, animals, or soil Pioneer species: First species to colonize an area during succession

13. As primary succession progresses, biodiversity increases

14. Secondary succession: Succession in an ecosystem that has been disturbed by a natural event of human activity forest fires floods tornadoes/hurricanes suburbs/clearcutting monoculture herbicides As secondary succession progresses, biodiversity increases