1. Plant Transport

2. Three principle organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves
absorb water and dissolved nutrients
Anchor plants into ground
Hold soil in place & prevent erosion
Transport water and nutrients to rest of plant

3. Stems Support system for plant body
Transport system that carries nutrients
Defends and protects plants

4. Leaves Main photosynthetic systems
Broad, flat surface helps increase amount of sunlight absorbed
Must contain subsystems to protect against water loss

5. Plant tissue systems Plants consist of 3 main tissue systems
Dermal tissue (outside of plant, “skin”)
Vascular tissue (“bloodstream”)
Ground tissue (everything else)

6. Dermal tissue Outer covering of plant Epidermal cells
Covered with thick, waxy layer that protects against water loss and injury

7. Guard cells- located on the underside of leaves
Regulates water loss and gas exchange
Surround Stomata- porelike openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the cell

8. Stomata open and close in response to changes in water pressure within the guard cells
Guard cells respond to changes in the environment helping the plant to maintain homeostasis
Regulate stomata to balance water loss with rates of photosynthesis

9. Vascular Tissue
Forms a transport system that moves water and nutrients throughout the plant
Xylem and Phloem
Both made of networks of hollow connected cells that carry fluids throughout the plant

10. Xylem Carries water upward from the root to every part of the plant
Tracheids- key cells in xylem
Hollow cells with thick cell walls that resist pressure
Connected end to end like a series of drinking straws
Vessel Elements- stacked in columns

11. Phloem
Transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis from the site of sugar production (source) to the site where sugar is used (sink).
Sieve tube elements- main cells in phloem

12. Both forms of vascular tissue can move fluids through the plant body, even against the flow of gravity.

13. Sap- the fluid that moves through the xylem and the phloem

14. Ground tissue The cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissue
Mesophyll tissue
the site of most of the plants photosynthesis

15. Transpiration- the loss of water through the leaves of plants
Transpiration increases when stomata are open
Decrease when stomata close
Replaced by water drawn into the leaf through xylem vessels in the vascular tissu

16. The combination of root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration provides enough force to move water through the xylem tissue of plants

17. Capillary action- the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
Cohesion- attraction of water molecules to each other
Adhesion- attraction of water molecules to other substances
Water molecules are attracted to each other and to the walls of a tube, causing water to rise

18. Osmotic pressure keeps a plant’s leaves and stems rigid
High transpiration rates can lead to wilting- without the pressure inside plant cells, the cell walls bend inward and the plant wilts
Stomata then close, which helps the plants to conserve water