1. OBLIGATION PROHIBITION SUGGESTION NECESSITY MUST/MUSTN’T OUGHT TO/ OUGHT NOT TO NEED TO/ DON’T NEED TO HAVE TO/ DON’T HAVE TO SHOULD/ SHOULDN’T

2. Do not feed the animals! No smoking! Do not enter! No eating! No talking!

3. (lack of) PERMISSION REQUEST (lack of) ABILITY POSSIBILITY 1. Could/Would you help me with the homework? 2. You can’t/mustn’t/may not smoke in here. 3. You can/may borrow my dictionary. 4. He can play the piano really well. 5. He could/may/might have the flu. 6. I can’t speak French.

4. Past & Perfect Modals should have phoned didn’t have to clean ought not to have been rude needn’t have bought weren’t able didn’t need to

5. Lack of necessity You don’t have to/don’t need to/ needn’t wake up early in the morning. It’s Sunday))) She didn’t need to/ didn’t have to wake up early yesterday because it was Sunday. You needn’t have left so early last night.

6. Use can, can’t, have to, don’t have to & needn’t buy a ticket to travel on the bus buy a monthly travel pass travel free if you are over 65 eat or drink in the vehicle buy tickets in advance

7. 1. We took our time because we _________ be there until 11 o’clock. 2. You ____________ gone to see a doctor a doctor if you were feeling so ill. 3. Andy _____________ said that to Julie. He really upset her, didn’t he? 4. I was busy last Saturday, so I __________ gone to his party even if I’d wanted to. 5. You ___________ come to pick me up – there are plenty of taxis. 6. He ___________ arrived by now, because he left at least an hour ago. 7. We _____________ rushed, because we got there with plenty of time to spare. 8. If you had sprained your ankle, you ____________ walked here. 9. You ______________ let Paul know what we were doing – he was waiting for us. 10. We _______________ take an exam at the end of the course.

8. Making Deductions Present Certainty: He must be tired. Uncertainty: He might be tired. Certainty: He can’t be tired. Past Certainty: He must have been at work. Uncertainty: He might have been at work. Certainty: He can’t have been at work.

9. What might have happened ? Stressed Exhausted Tired Frustrated Angry