1. The Roaring 20s!!! APUSH ch. 23

2. The 1920s Overall themes of the 1920s? – Social CHANGE!!! – But also stagnation Questions to ask: – What changed? – Why/how did it change? – What were the effects of such change? – What stayed the same?

3. Politics In what ways did politics NOT change? – Harding admin corrupt Teapot Dome scandal (Albert Fall) Several resignations Harding dies, Coolidge takes over, continues policies (Hoover also similar) – Pro-business policies High tariffs – Fordney-McCumber (1922) – Hawley-Smoot (1930) Lower income/estate taxes for wealthy Trickle down economics (Sec of Treasury Andrew Mellon) Coolidge does not give aid to struggling farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill vetoed) – Repeal of Progressive reforms Supreme Ct reverses child labor laws (Taft as Chief Justice)

5. Political Stagnation Why not? – Generally conservative backlash against Progressive reaches, new changing social attitudes – “party” mentality of 1920s means people less concerned with reform, more concerned with leisure Plenty of new goods, distractions to get people’s attention – Republican Party dominated by conservatives Progressives who left for Bull Moose party in 1912 left only conservatives in party Effects? – Laissez-faire policies help cause Great Depression

6. Business Business changed dramatically during 1920s – What aspects of business changed? Size/growth Organizational structure Management techniques Advertising Labor (and unions) – Describe how each changed Tariffs increased Productivity increased 40% Assembly line expanded – routines replace skills Managers become a distinct business class – oversee larger # of workers Advertising becomes big business Sell products using promises of social status/advancement Anti-union tactics – open shop, etc. effective – Describe the effects GNP grew by 43% Stock market soared Worker wages increase (but not as much as cost of living at some times) Unions suffer setbacks – higher wages = reduced incentive to join Agricultural income drops

7. Technology & Innovation What changed? – Cars – Cities – Consumer goods – Environment/energy – Science & medicine How did they change? – Cars more common (3x more popular than pre-war) – Cities grew – black migration, rural migration – New consumer goods (refrigerator, washing machines, radio, etc) Describe the effects of change – American ventured further from home than ever before – Urban pop. Increases – Diet changes – Household chores reduced – Mass production of music, movies, entertainment – News faster, more accessible

8. Entertainment What changed? – Sports – Music – Movies – Literature – Art – Celebrities How/why did they change? – Baseball, boxing most pop. Sports – Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Jack Dempsey, et al. – silent movies more common – Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes = poet, black experience in US Claude McKay, Zora Neale Hurston Ralph Ellison (Invisible Man) – F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, other writers reflect or satirize the attitudes of the 1920s Fitzgerald = The Great Gatsby Hemingway = The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea Lewis = Main Street, Babbitt

9. Entertainment – Radio broadcasts sports and music to new audiences – Jazz, swing as new music styles Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington George Gershwin combined classical and jazz (Porgy and Bess, Rhapsody in Blue) Blues = Jelly Roll Morton, Fats Waller (The Cotton Club) – Charles Lindbergh – Artists Georgia O’Keefe (painter) Edward Hopper (painter) What were the effects? – Athletes, entertainers as celebrities – New focus on how celebrities live – Sports, music grow in popularity with wider distribution

11. Women’s Roles What changed for women? – Social roles – Economic roles How did women’s lives change? – Failure to form a solid voting block – Cars gave mobility – Made up a growing percentage of workforce – esp. in new clerical roles – “flappers” Describe the effects of this change – More social freedom – Setback in feminist thought – younger generation more focused on leisure than political gains – Targeted more by ads, consumer goods

12. Politics What political issues changed? – Immigration/nativism – Racism – Black social thought – Religious fundamentalism – Prohibition – Isolationism – Hoover’s policies How did they change? – Immigration restricted, nativism increases – Sacco and Vanzetti – KKK resurgence (opposing immigrants, Catholics, Jews as well as blacks) – Back-to-Africa movement – Marcus Garvey – DuBois & NAACP – Scopes Trial – can’t teach evolution – America less involved in world affairs aside from trade – Hoover ignores econ. Warning signs – speakeasies Effects? – Econ. Speculation leads to depression – Lack of involvement w/ Europe helps set stage for WWII – Prohibition creates black market for alcohol – increase in organized crime