1. Items (plastic) removed from the gullet of a fledgling Laysan albatross http://gadgets.boingboing.net/2007/ 08/31/plastic-litters-our.html “Toxic Garbage Island” movie tonight W 4/21 at 5pm in JES A121A Exam #4 W 4/28 (bring cheat sheet)

2. Interactions include area, climate, competition...

3. Biodiversity “hot spots” have plentiful resources and large numbers of species Fig 56.17

4. Increased numbers of one species can reduce the population of other species

5. Fig 54.3 Competition limits where species can live

6. niche- the specific environment where a species lives Fig 54.3

7. Niche overlap leads to competition.

8. Prolonged direct competition is rare.

10. Fig 54.4 Where these species overlap, they do not compete.

11. Biodiversity “hot spots” require both abundant resources and diverse niches. Fig 56.17

12. Changes in Extinctions and Biodiversity

14. Why are species going extinct? "Global Biodiversity" Chapman & Hall, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London, 1992

15. Most of human history includes critical and profound interactions with other organisms. That is now diminished or gone.

16. How many animals do we need to save?

17. How Many Animals Do We Want to Save? The Many Ways of Setting Population Target Levels for Conservation ERIC W. SANDERSON November 2006 / Vol. 56 No. 11 BioScience 911

18. Can a number of individuals be set?

19. Extreme examples: Ecotourism want the largest possible population Mining or Agriculture would like none or somewhere else…NIMBY

20. What are the consequences of setting the wrong number? Too high Too low

21. Extinction Vortex A population of a few individuals cannot survive

22. Can a number of individuals be set? Scientists are reluctant to set a specific number Policymakers want information from scientists

23. How many animals do we want to save? Complex interactions of science, economics, and ethics.

24. Yellowstone NP is not big enough to support a viable grizzly bear population

25. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution:

26. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1. Demographic sustainability Minimum Viable Population- number of individuals that allows animals to exist free from human interference.

27. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions

28. Ecological Functions (aka ecosystem services)  Ecosystem benefits- seed dispersal, pollinators, nutrient recycling These functions cannot practically or economically be carried out by humans

29. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions 3.Human Use and Interactions

30. How many animals do we want to save? Sanderson’s proposed solution- multilayered approach: 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions 3.Human Use and Interactions 4.Can we return animals to levels that existed before humans had a negative impact?

31. Instead of a single number…A number for each level can be determined. How many animals do we want to save? 1.Demographic Sustainability 2.Ecological Functions 3.Human Use and Interactions 4.Can we return animals to levels that existed before humans had a negative impact?

32. Items (plastic) removed from the gullet of a fledgling Laysan albatross http://gadgets.boingboing.net/2007/ 08/31/plastic-litters-our.html “Toxic Garbage Island” movie tonight W 4/21 at 5pm in JES A121A Exam #4 W 4/28 (bring cheat sheet)