1. JFK Name___________________________________________Block_____

2. Born in Brookline, MA Large, Irish Catholic family Father, Joseph Kennedy –leading member of the Dem. Party and of the Irish Catholic community –He was the inaugural Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) –Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to Great Britain from 1938-1940 Spent much of his childhood sick in bed due to a variety of illnesses Graduated from Harvard College PT boat he was commanding was sunk by a Japanese destroyer, he heroically saved the life of one of his crew members Family Background

3. Born in _____________________________ Large, Irish Catholic family Father, Joseph Kennedy 1. 2. 3. Spent much of his childhood sick in bed due to a variety of illnesses Graduated from _____________________ PT boat he was commanding was sunk by a Japanese destroyer, he heroically saved the life of one of his crew members Family Background

4. Siblings Bobby (RFK) –NY Senator –US Attorney General 1961-1964 –Assassinated 6/6/1968 by Sirhan Sirhan Ted –MA Senator 1962-2009 –Chappaquiddick incident on July 18, 1969, resulted in the death of his automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne **Rosemary –“Spirited” and less intelligent than siblings –underwent a prefrontal lobotomy at age 23, which left her permanently incapacitated

5. Siblings Bobby (RFK) Ted **Rosemary

6. Early Political Career Represented MA 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947-1953 as a Democrat Served in the U.S. Senate from 1953-1960

7. Early Political Career

8. Kennedy Inauguration “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.”

9. The New Frontier “We stand on the edge of a New Frontier—the frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams, a frontier of unknown opportunities and beliefs in peril. “ Label for JFK administration's domestic and foreign programs Intended to boost the economy, provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program –Peace Corp –Alliance for Progress –Partial Test Ban Treaty –increase in the minimum wage –unemployment benefits expanded –$ was provided to cities to improve housing and transportation –increases in Social Security –construction of a national highway system –a water pollution control act was passed to protect the country’s rivers and streams –agricultural act to raise farmers’ incomes

10. The New Frontier “We stand on the edge of a New Frontier—the frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams, a frontier of unknown opportunities and beliefs in peril.” Label for JFK administration's domestic and foreign programs Intended to boost the economy, provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program 1.________________________________________________________ 2.________________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________________ 4.________________________________________________________ 5.________________________________________________________ 6.________________________________________________________ 7.________________________________________________________ 8.________________________________________________________ 9.________________________________________________________ 10.________________________________________________________

11. Bay of Pigs CIA trained Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba Hoped to trigger mass uprising that would overthrow Castro –Why overthrow Castro? April 1961 invasion by Cuban exiles and US military fails miserably…why? –No US air support After 20 months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million of food and medicine

12. Bay of Pigs CIA trained Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba Hoped to trigger mass uprising that would overthrow Castro Why overthrow Castro? April 1961 invasion by Cuban exiles and US military fails miserably…why? End Result:

13. Bay of Pigs: Notes Prior to Kennedy's election to the presidency, the Eisenhower Administration created a plan to overthrow the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba. Central to such a plan, which was structured and detailed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with approval from the US Military [42] but with minimal input from the United States Department of State, was the arming of a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of anti-Castro Cubans.[43] U.S.-trained Cuban insurgents, led by CIA paramilitary officers from the Special Activities Division,[44] were to invade Cuba and instigate an uprising among the Cuban people in hopes of removing Castro from power. On April 17, 1961, Kennedy ordered the previously planned invasion of Cuba to proceed. With support from the CIA, in what is known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1,500 U.S.-trained Cuban exiles, called "Brigade 2506," returned to the island in the hope of deposing Castro. However, Kennedy ordered the invasion to take place without U.S. air support. By April 19, 1961, the Cuban government had captured or killed the invading exiles, and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. The failure of the plan originated in a lack of dialog among the military leadership, a result of which was the complete lack of naval support in the face of organized artillery troops on the island who easily incapacitated the exile force as it landed on the beach.[43] After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine. Furthermore, the incident made Castro wary of the U.S. and led him to believe that another invasion would occur.[Fidel CastroCentral Intelligence Agency[42]United States Department of State[43]Special Activities Division[44][43][ The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Increasing friction between the U.S. government and Castro's leftist regime led President Dwight D. Eisenhower to break off diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961. Even before that, however, the Central Intelligence Agency had been training anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy.Fidel CastroJohn F. Kennedy On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with U.S. weapons, landed at the Bahía de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the southern coast of Cuba. Hoping to find support from the local population, they intended to cross the island to Havana. It was evident from the first hours of fighting, however, that the exiles were likely to lose. President Kennedy had the option of using the U.S. Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it. Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's army. By the time the fighting ended on April 19, 90 exiles had been killed and the rest had been taken as prisoners. The failure of the invasion seriously embarrassed the young Kennedy administration. Some critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate support and others for allowing it to take place at all. The captured exiles were later ransomed by private groups in the U.S. Additionally, the invasion made Castro wary of the U.S. He was convinced that the Americans would try to take over the island again. From the Bay of Pigs on, Castro had an increased fear of a U.S. incursion on Cuban soil.

14. Bay of Pigs Political Cartoon Describe the action taking place in the cartoon. Explain the message of the cartoon. Describe the action taking place in the cartoon. Explain the message of the cartoon.

15. Cuban Missile Crisis Confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the US in 10/1962 October 14, 1962, CIA U-2 spy planes took photographs of a Soviet intermediate-range ballistic missile site under construction in Cuba Kennedy faced a dilemma…  if the U.S. attacked the sites, it might lead to nuclear war with the U.S.S.R.  but if the U.S. did nothing, it would endure the threat of nuclear weapons being launched from close range Military officials and cabinet members pressed for an air assault on the missiles but Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if the U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and quietly remove its Jupiter missiles stationed in Turkey This crisis brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point before or since

16. Cuban Missile Crisis Confrontation between the ____________, ________ and the ________ in 10/1962 October 14, 1962, CIA U-2 spy planes took photographs of a Soviet intermediate-range ballistic missile site under construction in Cuba Kennedy faced a dilemma…  1.  2. Military officials and cabinet members pressed for an air assault on the missiles but Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if…

18. Berlin Wall Barrier constructed by Soviets during 1961 that cut off East Berlin from American controlled West Berlin 3.5 million East Germans defected to West Germany before wall was constructed Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism "Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in."

19. Berlin Wall _______________ East Germans defected to West Germany before wall was constructed "Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in."

20. Cold War Political Cartoon Describe the action taking place in the cartoon. Explain the message of the cartoon.

21. Cuban Missile Crisis: Notes The Cuban Missile Crisis (known as The October Crisis in Cuba) was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War. In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium- and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) with the ability to strike most of the continental United States. This action followed the 1958 deployment of Thor IRBMs in the UK and Jupiter IRBMs to Italy and Turkey in 1961 – more than 100 U.S.-built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads. On October 14, 1962, a United States U-2 photoreconnaissance plane captured photographic proof of Soviet missile bases under construction in Cuba.Soviet UnionCubaUnited StatesCold War ballisticThor IRBMsUKJupiter IRBMsItaly and Turkey in 1961U-2photoreconnaissance The ensuing crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War and is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict.[1] The United States considered attacking Cuba via air and sea and settled on a military "quarantine" of Cuba. The U.S. announced that it would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the Soviets dismantle the missile bases already under construction or completed in Cuba and remove all offensive weapons. The Kennedy administration held a slim hope that the Kremlin would agree to their demands, and expected a military confrontation. On the Soviet end, Nikita Khrushchev wrote in a letter to Kennedy that his quarantine of "navigation in international waters and air space to constitute an act of aggression propelling humankind into the abyss of a world nuclear-missile war."Berlin Blockadenuclear conflict[1]Nikita Khrushchev The Soviets publicly balked at the U.S. demands, but in secret back-channel communications initiated a proposal to resolve the crisis. The confrontation ended on October 28, 1962 when President John F. Kennedy and United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to dismantle the offensive weapons and return them to the Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for an agreement by the United States to never invade Cuba. The Soviets removed the missile systems and their support equipment, loading them onto eight Soviet ships from November 5–9. A month later, on December 5 and 6, the Soviet Il-28 bombers were loaded onto three Soviet ships and shipped back to Russia. The quarantine was formally ended at 6:45 p.m. EDT on November 20, 1962. As a secret part of the agreement, all US-built Thor and Jupiter IRBMs deployed in Europe were deactivated by September 1963.John F. KennedyUnited Nations Secretary-GeneralU ThantNikita KhrushchevIl-28ThorJupiterdeactivated by September 1963 The Cuban Missile Crisis spurred the creation of the Hotline Agreement and the Moscow-Washington hot line, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington, D.C.Hotline AgreementMoscow-Washington hot line The Americans feared the Soviet expansion of Stalinism, but for a Latin American country to ally openly with the USSR was regarded as unacceptable, given the Soviet-American enmity since the end of the World War II in 1945. Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine, a United States policy which held that European powers should not interfere with states in the Western Hemisphere. The United States had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in April, 1961, which had been launched by forces sponsored by the CIA under President John F. Kennedy. Afterward former President Eisenhower told Kennedy that "The failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do."[2]:10 The half-hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet adviser wrote, "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak."[2] U.S. covert operations continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose.[3] Publicly, in February 1962, the United States launched an economic embargo against Cuba.[4] The United States considered covert action again and inserted CIA paramilitary officers from their Special Activities Division into Cuba.[5] Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September, while spy flights and minor military harassment from United States forces on Guantanamo Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the U.S. government. As early as August 1962, the United States suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba. During that month, its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian-built MiG-21 (NATO designation Fishbed) fighters and Il-28 light bombers. U-2 spyplanes found S-75 Dvina (NATO designation SA-2) surface-to-air missile sites at eight different locations. On August 31, Senator Kenneth B. Keating, who probably received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida,[6] warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba.[7] CIA director John A. McCone became suspicious of the multiple reports. On August 10 he wrote a memo to President Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba.[6]

22. Space Race Competition between the Soviet Union and the US for supremacy in space exploration Kennedy first announced the goal for landing a man on the Moon in speaking to a Joint Session of Congress on May 25, 1961, saying: "First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him back safely to the earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.“ On 7/20/69, 6 years after his death, Project Apollo's goal was realized when men landed on the Moon.

23. Space Race: Notes The Space Race was a technological and ideological competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA) for supremacy in outer-space exploration during the mid-to-late 20th century. The term refers to a specific period in human history, 1957-1975, and does not include subsequent efforts by these or other nations to explore space. The race involved pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, sub-orbital and orbital human spaceflight around the earth, and piloted voyages to the Moon.Soviet UnionUnited Statesartificial satelliteshuman spaceflightMoon The Space Race era occurred during the Cold War, with its origins in the missile-based arms race between these nations that arose just after the end of the Second World War; with both sides capturing advanced German rocket technology and personnel. It was motivated by the desire to display scientific and technological superiority, which translated into military strength. It effectively began with the Soviet launch of the Sputnik 1 artificial satellite on 4 October 1957, and concluded with the co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project human spaceflight mission in July 1975 as a symbol of the détente between the USA and USSR. In between, it became a focus of the cultural, technological, and ideological rivalry between the two nations. It provided spin-off benefits including unprecedented increases in education funding, and spending on pure research and development that accelerated technological and scientific advancements. An unintended effect was that it also was partially responsible for the birth of the environmental movement, as this was the first time in history that humans came to see their home-world as it really was – when the first colour pictures from space showed a fragile blue planet bordered by the blackness of space.Cold Wararms race Second World WarSputnik 1Apollo-Soyuz Test Projectdétenteenvironmental movement The former World War II allies, the United States and the Soviet Union, became involved in the Cold War. The Cold War was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.[22] Although the primary participants' military forces never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, a nuclear arms race, and economic and technological competitions, such as the Space Race.[22]Cold War[22] The Cold War can be simplistically seen as a struggle between capitalism and communism.[23] America faced a new uncertainty in the early days of September 1949, when they discovered they no longer held a monopoly on the Atomic Bomb.[23] Their intelligence gathering agencies discovered that the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States could potentially face a future atomic war, that for the first time could devastate its cities.[23] A new paranoia with communism and its believers swept the nation, called McCarthyism.[23] In this atmosphere of distrust, the United States started an arms race with the Soviet Union that included the race for the Hydrogen Bomb and then in inter-contenential strategic bomber to deliver those bombs.[23] With communism spreading through countries like China, Korea, and Eastern-Europe, the American political and popular culture became highly threatened by its new advisory, to the point by the mid-1950s "witch-hunts" were going on through society looking for communist spys.[23] Part of the American reaction to both Soviet's atomic and then hydrogen bomb tests, included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), that employed intercontinental strategic bombers, and medium-bombers based at airbases in Europe and Turkey, close to Soviet airspace, to drop their nuclear bombs[24]capitalismcommunism[23]Atomic Bomb[23] McCarthyism[23]Hydrogen Bombstrategic bomber[23]witch-hunts[23]Air ForceStrategic Air Commandstrategic bombersTurkey[24] For their part, the Soviet Union had well-founded fears of invasion from the west, as it had been invaded several times in the past thousand years, most recently by the Nazi Germany in 1941.[25] Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during the Second World War, the Soviets were weary of their former ally, the United States, that in the late 1940s, was the sole possessor of atomic weapons, and they had also used these weapons operationally in a time of war, and could do so against them, and lay waste to most of its populated and military centres.[25] Since the Americans had a much larger air force, and offensive strike capability, and the Soviet Union had neither an equivalent air force, nor advance bases near the continental United States, Soviet premier Stalin ordered the development of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) in 1947, to counter the American threat.[17][25] Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles[17] In 1953, Korolyov was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, basically four G4s mated together with a central sustainer stage.[18] It was successfully tested on 21 August 1957 and became the world's first operational ICBM the following month.[26] It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.[27]R-7 Semyorka[18][26][27] The United States, had multiple rocket programs divided amongst the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM programs. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774.[28] However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947.[28] In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 was receiving top- priority funding.[28] The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring on 11 June 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM.[28] Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, would later serve as an operational nuclear ICBM and be used as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote-controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini.[28]MX-774[28] Atlas-A[28]Atlas-D Project MercuryAgena Target VehicleProject Gemini[28] With the Cold War as the engine for change, a coherent space policy would only evolve in the United States in the late 1950s, due to the competition with Soviets.[29] Korolyov would take much inspiration from the competition as well, achieving many firsts to counter the possibilities that the Americans might beat him to them.[30][29][30]

24. Kennedy and Civil Rights Supportive during campaigning but reluctant and slow to act during presidency The importance of the white South to the Democratic Party made civil rights a difficult issue for Kennedy Beginning in 1962, with the desegregation of the Univ. of Mississippi, the Kennedy administration finally began to act: –issued an order ending discrimination in federally funded housing –established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity –extension of the right to vote for African- Americans –appointment of an unprecedented number of African-Americans to public office

25. Kennedy and Civil Rights Supportive during campaigning but reluctant and slow to act during presidency The importance of the ____________ to the _____________ Party made civil rights a difficult issue for Kennedy Beginning in 1962 with the desegregation of the Univ. of Miss., the Kennedy finally began to act: 1. 2. 3. 4.

26. Kennedy Assassination Assassinated in Dallas, TX 11/22/63 The president, his wife Jacqueline, Texas governor John Connally, and his wife rode in an open-car motorcade through the streets of Dallas At least three shots were fired. Kennedy was shot in the neck and head, and Governor Connally was hit in the back, thigh, and wrist*** Dallas police began the search for a man who was seen leaving the Texas School Book Depository, where a few minutes after the assassination, witnesses had reported shots coming from a sixth-floor window

27. Magic Bullet Theory

28. Lee Harvey Oswald Arrested in a movie theater later that afternoon and formally charged on November 23 with the murder of Kennedy The next day, as Oswald was being transferred from the city jail to a county jail, Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby stepped out of a crowd in the jail's basement and shot and killed Oswald

29. Warren Commission Johnson established the Warren Commission on November 29, 1963, to investigate the assassination The commission concluded that Oswald had acted alone, although the members of the commission noted that it was impossible to prove that a conspiracy did not exist Following the release of the Warren Report on September 24, 1964, it has been vigorously defended and highly criticized, with dozens of conspiracy theories offered as alternatives to the official report.

30. Warren Commission Report Warren Commission: Report (1964) Gov't / Court Document In a report issued on September 27, 1964, the Warren Commission presented its findings, an excerpt of which appears below, to the American public regarding the assassination of John F. Kennedy the previous November. Headed by U.S. Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren and comprising many leading congressional and government figures of the day, the commission held that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy and had not been part of a larger conspiracy. Officials hoped that the report would put to rest a wide range of conspiracy theories regarding the assassination, but if anything, the report actually stirred more controversy. Many Americans continue to believe that a conspiracy of one sort or another was behind the assassination. CONCLUSIONS I. The shots which killed President Kennedy and wounded Governor Connally were fired from the sixth floor window at the southeast corner of the Texas School Book Depository. This determination is based upon the following: A. Witnesses at the scene of the assassination saw a rifle being fired from the sixth-floor window of the Depository Building, and some witnesses saw a rifle in the window immediately after the shots were fired. B. The nearly whole bullet found on Governor Connally's stretcher at Parkland Memorial Hospital and the two bullet fragments found in the front seat of the Presidential limousine were fired from the 6.5 millimeter Mannlicher Carcano rifle found on the sixth floor of the Depository Building to the exclusion of all other weapons. C. The three used cartridge cases found near the window on the sixth floor at the southeast corner of the building were fired from the same rifle which fired the above described bullet and fragments, to the exclusion of all other weapons. D. The windshield in the Presidential limousine was struck by a bullet fragment on the inside surface of the glass, but was not penetrated. E. The nature of the bullet wounds suffered by President Kennedy and Governor Connally and the location of the car at the time of the shots establish that the bullets were fired from above and behind the Presidential limousine, striking the President and the Governor as follows: 1. President Kennedy was first struck by a bullet which entered at the back of his neck and exited through the lower front portion of his neck, causing a wound which would not necessarily have been lethal. The President was struck a second time by a bullet which entered the right rear portion of his head, causing a massive and fatal wound. 2. Governor Connally was struck by a bullet which entered on the right side of his back and traveled downward through the right side of his chest, exiting below his right nipple. This bullet then passed through his right wrist and entered his left thigh where it caused a superficial wound. F. There is no credible evidence that the shots were fired from the Triple Underpass, ahead of the motorcade, or from any other location. II. The weight of the evidence indicates that there were three shots fired.

31. Warren Commission Report III. Although it is not necessary to any essential findings of the Commission to determine just which shot hit Governor Connally, there is very persuasive evidence from the experts to indicate that the same bullet which pierced the President's throat also caused Governor Connally's wounds. However, Governor Connally's testimony and certain other factors have given rise to some difference of opinion as to this probability but there is no question in the mind of any member of the Commission that all the shots which caused the President's and Governor Connally's wounds were fired from the sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. IV. The shots which killed President Kennedy and wounded Governor Connally were fired by Lee Harvey Oswald. This conclusion is based upon the following: A. The Mannlicher Carcano 6.5 millimeter Italian rifle from which the shots were fired was owned by and in the possession of Oswald. B. Oswald carried this rifle into the Depository Building on the morning of November 22, 1963. C. Oswald, at the time of the assassination, was present at the window from which the shots were fired. D. Shortly after the assassination, the Mannlicher Carcano rifle belonging to Oswald was found partially hidden between some cartons on the sixth floor and the improvised paper bag in which Oswald brought the rifle to the Depository was found close by the window from which the shots were fired. E. Based on testimony of the experts and their analysis of films of the assassination, the Commission has concluded that a rifleman of Lee Harvey Oswald's capabilities could have fired the shots from the rifle used in the assassination within the elapsed time of the shooting. The Commission has concluded further that Oswald possessed the capability with a rifle which enabled him to commit the assassination. F. Oswald lied to the police after his arrest concerning important substantive matters. G. Oswald had attempted to kill Maj. Gen. Edwin A. Walker (Resigned, U.S. Army) on April 10, 1963, thereby demonstrating his disposition to take human life. V. Oswald killed Dallas Police Patrolman J. D. Tippit approximately 45 minutes after the assassination. This conclusion upholds the finding that Oswald fired the shots which killed President Kennedy and wounded Governor Connally and is supported by the following: A. Two eyewitnesses saw the Tippit shooting and seven eyewitnesses heard the shots and saw the gunman leave the scene with revolver in hand. These nine eyewitnesses positively identified Lee Harvey Oswald as the man they saw. B. The cartridge cases found at the scene of the shooting were fired from the revolver in the possession of Oswald at the time of his arrest to the exclusion of all other weapons. C. The revolver in Oswald's possession at the time of his arrest was purchased by and belonged to Oswald. D. Oswald's jacket was found along the path of flight taken by the gunman as he fled from the scene of the killing. VI. Within 80 minutes of the assassination and 35 minutes of the Tippit killing Oswald resisted arrest at the theater by attempting to shoot another Dallas police officer.

32. Warren Commission Report VII. The Commission has reached the following conclusions concerning Oswald's interrogation and detention by the Dallas police: A. Except for the force required to effect his arrest, Oswald was not subjected to any physical coercion by any law enforcement officials. He was advised that he could not be compelled to give any information and that any statements made by him might be used against him in court. He was advised of his right to counsel. He was given the opportunity to obtain counsel of his own choice and was offered legal assistance by the Dallas Bar Association, which he rejected at that time. B. Newspaper, radio, and television reporters were allowed uninhibited access to the area through which Oswald had to pass when he was moved from his cell to the interrogation room and other sections of the building, thereby subjecting Oswald to harassment and creating chaotic conditions which were not conducive to orderly interrogation or the protection of the rights of the prisoner. C. The numerous statements, sometimes erroneous, made to the press by various local law enforcement officials, during this period of confusion and disorder in the police station, would have presented serious obstacles to the obtaining of a fair trial for Oswald. To the extent that the information was erroneous or misleading, it helped to create doubts, speculations, and fears in the mind of the public which might otherwise not have arisen. VIII. The Commission has reached the following conclusions concerning the killing of Oswald by Jack Ruby on November 24, 1963: A. Ruby entered the basement of the Dallas Police Department shortly after 11:17 a.m. and killed Lee Harvey Oswald at 11:21 a.m. B. Although the evidence on Ruby's means of entry is not conclusive, the weight of the evidence indicates that he walked down the ramp leading from Main Street to the basement of the police department. C. There is no evidence to support the rumor that Ruby may have been assisted by any members of the Dallas Police Department in the killing of Oswald. D. The Dallas Police Department's decision to transfer Oswald to the county jail in full public view was unsound. E. The arrangements made by the police department on Sunday morning, only a few hours before the attempted transfer, were inadequate. Of critical importance was the fact that news media representatives and others were not excluded from the basement even after the police were notified of threats to Oswald's life. These deficiencies contributed to the death of Lee Harvey Oswald.

33. Warren Commission Report IX. The Commission has found no evidence that either Lee Harvey Oswald or Jack Ruby was part of any conspiracy, domestic or foreign, to assassinate President Kennedy. The reasons for this conclusion are: A. The Commission has found no evidence that anyone assisted Oswald in planning or carrying out the assassination. In this connection it has thoroughly investigated, among other factors, the circumstances surrounding the planning of the motorcade route through Dallas, the hiring of Oswald by the Texas School Book Depository Co. on October 15, 1963, the method by which the rifle was brought into the building, the placing of cartons of books at the window, Oswald's escape from the building, and the testimony of eyewitnesses to the shooting. B. The Commission has found no evidence that Oswald was involved with any person or group in a conspiracy to assassinate the President, although it has thoroughly investigated, in addition to other possible leads, all facets of Oswald's associations, finances, and personal habits, particularly during the period following his return from the Soviet Union in June 1962. C. The Commission has found no evidence to show that Oswald was employed, persuaded, or encouraged by any foreign government to assassinate President Kennedy or that he was an agent of any foreign government, although the Commission has reviewed the circumstances surrounding Oswald's defection to the Soviet Union, his life there from October of 1959 to June of 1962 so far as it can be reconstructed, his known contacts with the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and his visits to the Cuban and Soviet Embassies in Mexico City during his trip to Mexico from September 26 to October 3, 1963, and his known contacts with the Soviet Embassy in the United States. D. The Commission has explored all attempts of Oswald to identify himself with various political groups, including the Communist Party, U. S. A., the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, and the Socialist Workers Party, and has been unable to find any evidence that the contacts which he initiated were related to Oswald's subsequent assassination of the President. E. All of the evidence before the Commission established that there was nothing to support the speculation that Oswald was an agent, employee, or informant of the FBI, the CIA, or any other governmental agency. It has thoroughly investigated Oswald's relationships prior to the assassination with all agencies of the U. S. Government. All contacts with Oswald by any of these agencies were made in the regular exercise of their different responsibilities. F. No direct or indirect relationship between Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby has been discovered by the Commission, nor has it been able to find any credible evidence that either knew the other, although a thorough investigation was made of the many rumors and speculations of such a relationship. G. The Commission has found no evidence that Jack Ruby acted with any other person in the killing of Lee Harvey Oswald. H. After careful investigation the Commission has found no credible evidence either that Ruby and Officer Tippit, who was killed by Oswald, knew each other or that Oswald and Tippit knew each other. Because of the difficulty of proving negatives to a certainty the possibility of others being involved with either Oswald or Ruby cannot be established categorically, but if there is any such evidence it has been beyond the reach of all the investigative agencies and resources of the United States and has not come to the attention of this Commission.

34. Warren Commission Report X. In its entire investigation the Commission has found no evidence of conspiracy, subversion, or disloyalty to the U. S. Government by any Federal, State, or local official. XI. On the basis of the evidence before the Commission it concludes that, Oswald acted alone. Therefore, to determine the motives for the assassination of President Kennedy, one must look to the assassin himself. Clues to Oswald's motives can be found in his family history, his education or lack of it, his acts, his writings, and the recollections of those who had close contacts with him throughout his life. The Commission has presented with this report all of the background information bearing on motivation which it could discover. Thus, others may study Lee Oswald's life and arrive at their own conclusions as to his possible motives. The Commission could not make any definitive determination of Oswald's motives. It has endeavored to isolate factors which contributed to his character and which might have influenced his decision to assassinate President Kennedy. These factors were: A. His deep rooted resentment of all authority which was expressed in a hostility toward every society in which he lived; B. His inability to enter into meaningful relationships with people, and a continuous pattern of rejecting his environment in favor of new surroundings; C. His urge to try to find a place in history and despair at times over failures in his various undertakings; D. His capacity for violence as evidenced by his attempt to kill General Walker; E. His avowed commitment to Marxism and communism, as he understood the terms and developed his own interpretation of them; this was expressed by his antagonism toward the United States, by his defection to the Soviet Union, by his failure to be reconciled with life in the United States even after his disenchantment with the Soviet Union, and by his efforts, though frustrated, to go to Cuba. Each of these contributed to his capacity to risk all in cruel and irresponsible actions.

35. Conspiracy Theories More than one gunman Suspects in Dealey Plaza other than Oswald Body Analysis New Orleans conspiracy Federal Reserve conspiracy Three tramps CIA conspiracy Cuban exiles E. Howard Hunt Organized crime conspiracy Lyndon Johnson conspiracy Cuban conspiracy Decoy hearse and wound alteration

36. Legacy Hope………………….sound familiar? Americans look back to Kennedy and his presidency longing for the confidence that the nation once expressed toward its political leaders Kennedy symbolizes a period when liberalism was strong in US Contributed to the increasing importance of image in American politics His successful advocacy of putting a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s His deft handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis Hastened America's descent into the Vietnam war, a conflict that would end countless lives and bitterly divide the nation A self-proclaimed supporter of civil rights, he moved forward slowly on the issue until 1963, when racial violence forced his hand

40. Fun Facts Age Range Although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest man to serve as president, John Kennedy was the youngest elected president at 43 years old. He was also the youngest to die in office, at the age of 46. All in the Family While JFK was president, his brother Robert was U.S. Attorney General, and his youngest brother, Ted, was elected a U.S. Senator. This is the only time that three members of the same family have held such high government positions. JFK was also the only president to appoint a sibling to a cabinet post. A Literary Leader JFK is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize, for his collective biography, Profiles in Courage. A New Medium The Nixon-Kennedy debates were the first ever to be televised, and JFK's ability to project a positive image on-screen may have given him a significant advantage in the election. Interestingly, many people who heard the debates over the radio thought Nixon had done a more competent job. Strange but True Although there is no significance, historical or otherwise, it is interesting to note some of the coincidental facts in the lives of Abraham Lincoln and JFK. Lincoln was elected in 1860, Kennedy in 1960; Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy, Kennedy's was named Lincoln; both men were assassinated; and both men were succeeded by their vice presidents, both of whom were named Johnson.