1. What percent of Africa is desert?
Warm up #15
What percent of Africa is desert?
What is the biggest desert in Africa?
Does Africa have rainforests?
Does it snow in Africa?
40 percent
Sahara
Yes
Yes

2. Kingdoms of
Africa

3. Geography/Climate of Africa
Atlas Mts
Northern Coast
Mild/Temperate Zone
Mediterranean Sea
Atlas Mountains
Deserts
40% of Africa
Sahara-Largest
Kalahari
Libyan
Savanna- Grasslands with small trees and shrubs
Can farm, but rain is unreliable
Tropical Rainforest
10% of Africa
Congo River Basin
Bordered by plateaus- Relatively
high, flat land
Libyan
Sahara
Congo
Kalahari

4. Geography/Climate of Africa
Nile
Great Rift Valley
Mountains and deep canyons
Mt. Kilimanjaro
Horn of Africa
River Systems/Lakes
Nile
Congo
Niger
Lake Victoria-Largest in Africa
Cataracts--rapids
Desertification- Farmlands becoming
deserts…forced people to move closer
to the river systems
Niger R
Horn
Congo
L. Victoria
Great Rift
Valley

5. Trade Routes of East Africa

6. First Civilizations of Africa
Farming led to the development of the
Kush Kingdom 100 BC-150 AD
Located in Nubia-Region south of Egypt
Defeated Egyptians for independence
in 1000 BCE, conquered Egypt in 750 BCE
Economy/Trade
Meroe-Trading Center
Learned smelting iron-ore from
Assyrians. Became huge provider
of iron products to Africa, Romans
Arabia and India
Also traded Ivory, Ebony, Gold,
Frankincense, Slaves, Leopard Skins
Conquered by Axum Kingdom for trading
rights

7. Kingdom of Axum Kingdom of Axum 100 CE- 1400 CE Capital Adulis
Highlands of Ethiopia
Colony of Arabs who crossed the Red
Sea
Became trading power based upon
location; Med. Sea- India Trade Route
Ivory, Frankincense, Myrrh, Slaves
King Ezana
Launched invasion and conquered
Kush
Converted to Christianity around
330 CE
Axum Kingdom declined during 15th
Century due to war with Muslim states
in Northern Africa over Trade
Axum Stele Park

8. East-African City-States
Region was influenced by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans
Indians, Arabs, Persians and Muslims
Migration of Bantu- Dialect of Africa
Moved into East Africa, along coast
Established regional trade
Port cities
Mogadishu
Mombasa
Kilwa
Eventually a mixed Arab-African culture
grew called Swahili
Allowed intermarriage
Mixed architectural styles
Mogadishu

9. South Africa Civilizations
Zimbabwe CE
Built by Phoenicians
Prospered from Gold trade with
India (beads) and China (Porcelain)
Capital-Great Zimbabwe
Overlooks Zambezi River
Surrounded by a Stone Wall
City abandoned around 1450
Civil Wars?
Drought/poor crops?
European Expansion?

10. Kingdoms of West Africa

11. Kingdom of Ghana Kingdom of Ghana Formed by farming villages (Soninke)
Capital Kumbi Saleh
Located on the Niger River and Savannas
Ruled by Kings
No Laws
Strong Military
Economy/Trade
Main Exports Gold and Iron (Weapons)
Imported Salt
Preserves food
Seasoning for food
To replace salt in bodies due to
climate
Kings and merchants became very
wealthy
Weakened by Islamic invaders and
eventually defeated by Mali Kingdom

12. Warm up #16
Why were camels a good animal for working in the desert?

13. “Fleets of the Desert” Berbers- Desert Nomads
Moved the goods across the desert via
camel caravans
Can drink large amounts of water
Can go days without eating
Hundreds of camels per caravan
3mph, days to reach destination
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14. Kingdom of Mali Kingdom was founded by Sundiata Keita
Defeated Ghana and took capital in
1240 CE
Timbuktu- Trading Center
Gold/Salt Trade
Mansa Musa
Richest/Wealthiest King
Doubled the size of Mali
Divided Mali into territories ruled by
Governors
Devout Muslim
Completed Hajj
Inspired to make Timbuktu the
center of Islamic learning/culture
Built Mosques, Libraries
Handed out Qurans
Civil War in 1359 ended Mali Kingdom
Kingdom of Mali

15. Kingdom of Songhai First established by Muslim, Kossi in 1009
Gao- Trading Post
Military Expansion of Songhai
Expanded empire in 1464
Conquered trading cities of
Jenne and Timbuktu
1500s Sultan of Morocco conquered most
of Songhai
Gone by 1600
Tomb of Muhammad Ture, Emperor of Songhai during height of Empire

16. Other Kingdoms Kingdom of Hausa Built walls around the towns
City-states
Mainly traders and farmers
Kingdom of Benin
Rain forest of Guinea coast
Farmers and traders
Eventually doorway for slave trading

17. African Society Families Basic level of society is the extended family
Groups of extended families formed
communities, which are called
lineage groups
Most lineage groups were matrilineal-
descent traced through the mother, not
patrilineal; which is descent is traced
through father.
Roles of Women
Worked in fields
Have children to increase lineage group
Some were merchants
Inherited property
Roles of Men
Tended cattle
Hunt
Expected to move into wife’s house

18. African Society Children/Education From 0-6; learned family history,
language and songs from mother
At age 6, sons went with fathers to
learn the “man” roles and daughters
went with mother to learn “woman”
roles.
Both boys and girls played larger
roles in community as they got older
They would officially enter society
around 13 years old through a ritual
declaring them “fully” men and women
Slavery
Very common throughout the world
Berbers raided many societies for
slave trade throughout Mediterranean
People captured in war, debtors and
some criminals became slaves

19. African Society Religion Most believed were monotheistic
Diviners-People who believe they
have the power to foretell events, by
working with supernatural forces
Most were hired by Kings
Guarantee good harvests
Protection of Kingdom
Importance of Ancestors
Believed ancestors were closer
to the Gods
Believed they had the power to
influence lives of descendents
Stages of life
1st- Life on Earth
2nd-Afterlife

20. African Society Religion cont…
Islam challenged many beliefs, especially
along the northern coast of Africa
Painting, literature, wood carvings
and music were means of serving religions
Griots- Storytellers; kept much of early
Africa history alive for us today.

21. Warm up #17 What were the two main commodities traded in West Africa?
What was the main trading city for the Kingdom of Mali
Which Kingdom will eventually be the doorway for slavery
What religion spread throughout Northern and Western Africa?
Which kingdom was formed by a colony of Arabs and was
Christian?
Gold and Salt
Timbuktu
Benin
Islam
Axum