1. The 1920s

2. A Return to Normalcy Americans desired a return to normalcy following World War I. They wanted to get back to the every day life that existed prior to the war.

3. Results of Return to Normalcy Isolationism: US did not get involved in world affairs Nativism: suspicion of people who are foreign born Political Conservatism: turned away from government control

4. The Red Scare 1917, Russian Revolution: Russia becomes communist Communism: system where government controls the industries

5. Palmer Raids Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover hunt down communist and anarchists and arrest them Anarchists: those opposed to any and all forms of government

6. Sacco & Vanzetti Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti: Italian immigrants accused and convicted of robbery and murder with little evidence; both were executed. Displayed nativism in US.

7. The Ku Klux Klan In 1920s, the KKK grew due to the Red Scare and anti- immigration feelings. It feared that foreigners were going to change American way of life; also looked down on AA

8. Labor Strikes Hurt US Following WWI, workers began to demand higher wages to keep up with rising prices. Workers joined labor unions and held strikes against their employers. Boston Police, Steel, & Coal

9. Warren Harding & The Business of America

10. Harding Works For Peace President Harding invited 4 major nations to discuss arms reductions (Russia not invited) Called for a reduction in naval power, and a 10 year period of not building any new ships.

11. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1929, US and 64 other nations agreed to denounce (reject) war as an instrument of national policy. Problem: There was no way to enforce the pact.

12. Limiting Immigration Nativist and anti-foreign views led to a restriction of the amount of immigrants allowed. Emergency Quota Act: 1921, limited number of foreigners allowed into US (excluded Japan)

13. Teapot Dome Scandal Ohio Gang: Harding’s friends he appointed to government positions; very corrupt Albert Fall (Interior Secretary) secretly leased oil fields to private companies in return for money.

14. August 2, 1923 After becoming ill, Warren Harding dies. Vice-President Calvin Coolidge takes over as President.

15. Increase in Standard of Living Coolidge sought to keep taxes low and business profits up. Americans owned 40% of the world’s wealth. Cars, airplane, new electrical devices changed peoples’ lives.

16. Consumer Spending As businesses expanded more money was spent on advertising to get people to buy goods. Installment plans: enabled people to buy goods over an extended period, or on credit.

17. Changing Ways of Life

18. The Prohibition Era 18th Amendment: bans the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol Why? It was believed that alcohol was a major cause of crime, wife and child abuse, and other social problems.

19. Prohibition’s Opponents React Speakeasies: underground saloons and night clubs that sold alcohol illegally. Bootleggers: criminals who smuggled in alcohol from Canada or Cuba

20. Organized Crime Developed from prohibition; gangsters made their money from bootlegging. Al Capone: crime boss in Chicago; eventually convicted of tax evasion

21. The End to Prohibition Realizing the failure of the 18th Amendment to end drinking among the majority of Americans, Congress acts. 21st Amendment: repeals the 18th Amendment; makes alcohol legal again

22. The Scopes Trial 1925, Tennessee passed a law making it a crime to teach evolution. John Scopes (24 year old biology teacher) taught evolution instead of “Adam & Eve”

23. The State of Tennessee arrests Scopes and he is put on trial. Clarence Darrow - defends Scopes William Jennings Bryan - prosecutor

24. Results of the Scopes Trial Scopes is found guilty and fined $100. Importance: displayed the tension that existed in the US surrounding the separation of church and state

25. 1920s Pop Culture & The Harlem Renaissance

26. Women and the 1920s Flappers: an emancipated woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes Drinking, smoking, dancing Short hair and short skirts New jobs and more sexual freedom.

27. Pop Culture in the 1920s Sports: Babe Ruth (baseball) Jack Dempsey (boxing) Movies: Charlie Chaplin, Disney’s “Steamboat Willie” Literature: “The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

28. Lindbergh Crosses the Atlantic Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Spirit of St. Louis: Lindbergh’s plane National hero

29. African-Americans Move North Many African-Americans move to northern cities during the Great Migration. Marcus Garvey: founded Universal Negro Improvement Association to promote black rights and individuality

30. Harlem Renaissance A literary and artistic movement celebrating African- American culture in the 1920s. Based out of Harlem, a neighborhood on the upper west side of NYC, it spread to other areas.

31. Prominent African-Americans Langston Hughes: wrote poems of the working class lives of African-Americans. Zora Neal Hurston: most accomplished female author; Their Eyes Were Watching God

32. The Jazz Age Jazz was born in New Orleans in the early 1900s, but began to flourish and spread in the 1920s Louis Armstrong: trumpeter, most famous jazz musician, along with “Duke” Ellington and Bessie Smith.