1. Final round-ups “ISO” Part -01

2. Modern companies are using I.S, or I.S tranforming modern business. (you must read this part in the New reference book page 35) I.S or I.T changes the structure of an organisation( new reference book page 117) Do you know? ERP CRM DSS ESS KM Intranet Extranet E-Business E-commerce E-communications( e-mail, YM, Skype) CAD/CAI Social networking

3. Question with Information Systems (IS) in an Organisational Context. ( should mention cooper and Quinn + 4 perspectives Mechanist – organisation or department is similar to a machine. In other words like a factory. Structuralist - organisation with defined structure. Organist- organisation as living being that develops in an environment. Contexualist – organisations affected by events and actions in the environment.

4. Organisational Impacts of I.S ( This can be used in a situation where you explain the impacts of technology in an organisation or issues) – Downsizing – Outsourcing – Restructuring – Removing management layers – Changing and eliminating work processes – Changed behaviours (e.g. Information sharing) – New modes of working (e.g. ‘virtual’ and home- working, hot-desking, mobile working etc.)

5. While explaining impacts of technology; Never forget the diagram and the following; – Influenced by TYPE and Culture of Organisation or part of organisation – e.g. Human Relations, Open Systems, Internal Process or Rational Goal – Influenced by PERSPECTIVE/APPROACH – e.g. Mechanist, Structuralist, Organicist or Contextualist

6. Organisations add value by using I.S PLEASE FOLLOW THE DIAGRAM ON THE NEXT PAGE

7. Firm Infrastructure Human Resource Management Technology Development Procurement Marketing and Sales Service Margin Value Chain (or Value System) suppliesmanufshipping OPERATIONS Primary Activities SecondaryActivities Difference between financial Resource used and Income (profit or transfer to reserves)

8. I.S strategy should be aligned to organisational strategy Note the diagram

9. Strategic Information Alignment (SIA) 12345671234567 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 2 3 4 5 6 7 Minimise Risks Reduce Costs Create New Reality (innovation) Add Value Source; Adapted from Donald Marchand, (2000) ‘Competing with Information’ Customers willing to pay for value added using information Information used to help control business risk Information used to enable decisions that reduce costs or to increase efficiencies in processes Information used to help produce innovative products, services and delivery methods

10. While answering evaluating information systems in an organisation please don’t forget this diagram. Purpose of I.T/I.S evaluation also to be mentioned We evaluate I.S; To measure tangible costs and benefits To endorse success To investigate failure To identify good practice To improve implementation process

11. Main Dimensions of IS Success Use Process Development and Process Impact of IS on Organization Quality of the IS Product SUCCESS Information User Satisfaction Process Product Costs Benefits

12. DeLone McLean Model Net Benefits System Quality Information Quality Intention to Use User satisfaction Service Quality Use

13. – Information Systems and Technology can clearly affect the way an organisation is structured (its table of organisation) and the way things are done (processes) – Through.... automation of existing tasks, improvement of existing tasks, speeding processing and providing better information

14. SOME ADDITIONAL POINTS THAT YOU CAN USE IN VARIOUS ANWERS Technology helps the flow of information in an organisation. For example; The flow of information between individuals – exchange of e- mails. The flow of information within an organisation – an order of the customer goes to production from the sales department. The flow of information between organizations – information between suppliers and manufacturers. The flow of information between individuals and organisations – a special offer from the company being sent to the customer.

15. How organisations add value to products/services by using I.S ? Or organisations add value to their products and services through I.S 1.Organisations use I.S for the exchange of information. 2.Organisations use I.S for the business processes such as ordering, production, planning or payment. 3.Organisations use I.S to link internal processes with customers and suppliers. 4.Some companies sell information as outputs – for example music and videos production companies, financial consultants e.t.c. 5.Organisations use social networking sites such as MySpace, FaceBook, e.t.c. to capture, create and distribute information among the customers.

16. 1. Why I.S fail/succeed in some organisations? ( Diagram page 15 of the text book Fig. 1.5) How stakeholders design an I.S project and how others react to it is important in the success or failure of an I.S in an organisation. Again, the success or failure is depending on the threats and opportunities in the external context. For example technological developments, changes in the customer demands, changes in the actions from the competitors. 2. Any question related to the stakeholders – for example managing the stakeholders is important Please refer to page 16/17 of the text book. 3. Organisational context of information systems. ( please refer to page 19/20 of the text book)

17. 4. What are the issues that an organisation face while implementing an I.S? ( TEXT BOOK PAGE 23/24) What is meant by “learning organisation” – page 24 of the text book 5. While answering question of evaluation of information systems, you can use the table in the page 25 table 1.2