1. 1 Deixis and Anaphora

2. 2 Remembering It is necessary to take into considerations the conditions of production of enunciates, to the study of signification of sentences and also to the meaning of enunciates. Signification is the comprehension of a sentence and meaning is the interpretation of the enunciated sentence.

3. 3 Message X Interpretation Context What does the interpretation of a message depend on?

4. 4 Context Context is everything that “surrounds” a certain element. When it comes to a linguistic unit (of different nature and dimensions: phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, enunciation), the surroundings of that unit is, at the same time, of linguistic (language environment) and extra-linguistic nature (situational, social, cultural context). And what is context?

5. 5 Immediate X Amplified Context Immediate context (strict) Space and time Local social situation Amplified context (comprehensive) Outlines the institutional, social aspect.

6. 6 Deixis X Anaphora Deitic expressions: Extra-linguistic context. Ex: Personal pronouns of first and second persons: I and you. Anaphoric expressions Linguistic context, given by references to other passages in the text. Ex: Demonstrative pronouns this, that, these, those. Ex: Many students in this group do not know the subject. This will make many of them fail their exams. This: The fact itself Them: Many students Their: Of those students

7. 14 Deixis & Reality Deitic expressions: People who partake the verbal interaction. Places and time located from the situational speech. “Anchor” the speech to the reality. Expressed by: Personal Pronouns: You failed your tests and I am not guilty. Articles: The student failed. The teacher was not guilty. Verb tenses: She failed. I was not guilty. Adverbs: Unfortunately, she failed. Demonstratives: This is the student who I talked about.

8. 9 Anaphora & Text Anaphoric expressions: Links elements within the text. Anchor the text (people, objects, time, places, facts) to previous passages of the same text. Expressed by: Pronouns: Mariazinha is a good student. She failed her exams. Articles: Mariazinha is the student I told you about. Verb tenses: Mariazinha did not study. I told you she would fail. Adverbs: Mariazinha failed her exams. She is extremely sad.