2. 1450-1750

3. Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, also called Osmanian Empire or Uthmaniyah Empire (1299–1922) was a multi- ethnic and multi-religious Turkish-ruled state. The state was also known as the Turkish Empire or Turkey Republic of Turkey was officially proclaimed in 1923

4. Ottoman Empire At the height of its power (16th–17th century), it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar in the west to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, from the edge of Austria, Slovakia and parts of Ukraine in the north to Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen in the south. The Ottoman Empire contained 29 provinces, in addition to the tributary principalities of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia [Vlad Tepes aka Dracula]

5. Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. The Ottoman Empire was, in many respects, an Islamic successor to earlier Mediterranean empires — namely the Roman and Byzantine empires. In fact, they claimed they were the inheritors of the two Romes.

6. Ottoman Empire A Short Review

7. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

8. Mehmet I (r. 1413-1421) After the defeat of the Ottomans by the Turko- Mongol/Tatar Tamerlane, the Ottoman Empire went into a period of chaos and civil war. The disorder ended with Mehmet I emerged and restored Ottoman power.

9. Mehmet II, The Conqueror Mehmet I’s grandson reorganized the structure of both the state and military and captured Constantinople in 1453. The city became the new capital of the Ottomans and Mehmet II assumed the title of Kayser-I-Rum or Roman Emperor Attempt after his death to take Rome failed

10. The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople in time it would become Istanbul

11. Golden Horn – 15c

12. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

13. “Europeans” vs. Turks

14. The End of the Byzantine Empire

15. Hagia Sophia is “converted”

16. Hagia Sophia - interior

17. Siege of Constantinople, 1453

18. Ottoman Growth With Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the Ottomans becomes the dominant power in the Eastern Mediterranean. Military and naval conquests help to expand empire as well as trade Growth also due to new trade and routes between Europe and Asia. Trade and military alliances with other “European” powers

19. Selim I (r. 1512-1520) Expanded the empire dramatically with defeat of Safavid Persia (Sunni v. Shia) Egypt and naval presence in Red Sea Competition emerges between Ottomans and Portuguese

20. Faith Mosque

21. Suleiman the Magnificent: (1520-1566) Suleiman’s Signature Solomon

22. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) Expanded Ottoman rule by first capturing Belgrade Later captures the territories of present-day Hungary and much of Central and Eastern Europe Vienna to Baghdad Kanun, the Lawgiver Basis for later constitutions

23. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) Süleymaniye Mosque Topkapi Palace Shah, Sultan, Caesar Mecca, Medina, Baghdad, Cairo, and beyond Sunni Turks Safavid Empire was main foe (Shiite) centered in Esfahan (Iran) Refinement v. Girth

24. Blue Mosque Süleymaniye Mosque

25. Blue Mosque - interior

26. Sinan the Great. Mosque of Selim II (Edirne, Turkey), 1568-1575 4 th Caliphate Sinan the Great/ Ottoman Empire/ sultans/ caliphs

27. avlu/ ablution fountains/arasta/ hamam (Turkish Bath)/ numerous annexes/ madrasa (school)/ caravanserai (inn)

28. fluted minarets/ stalactite corbels/ a gilded copper finial/ dome supported by pendentives and squinches

29. Mehmet Aga. The Blue Mosque (Istanbul), 1609- 1616 Compare to Hagia Sofia Sultan Ahmet I/ Mehmet Aga/ Iznik tilework

31. muezzin/ muezzin mahfili/ imam/ minbar

32. Sultan’s loge/ kürsü (verses)

33. Topkapi Palace Model

34. The Actual Topkapi Palace

35. Topkapi Palace (Istanbul), 1459-1465 Ottoman Empire Mehmet II/ a series of pavilions

36. viziers/ divan (couch)/ haram/ eunuchs/ Janissaries/ dev ş irme (taxes)

37. Left: The Circumcision Pavilion of Topkapi Palace Below: Ottoman royal ceremonial caftan

38. Topkapi Harem

39. It’s Good to Be the Sultan!

40. Topkapi “Fruit Room”

41. Topkapi’s Great Craftsmenship

42. Renovations Dome of the Rock Hagya Sophia During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the exterior of the Dome of the Rock was covered with Iznik tiles.

43. Ottoman Expansion Under Selim and Suleiman, the empire became a dominant naval force, controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea. The exploits of the Ottoman admiral, Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, who commanded the Turkish Navy during Suleiman's reign, led to a number of military victories over Christian navies. Among these were the conquest of Tunis and Algeria from Spain and the evacuation of Muslims and Jews from Spain to the safety of Ottoman lands during the Spanish Inquisition

44. Ottoman Empire and Europe The last conquest occurred on behalf of France as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and those of the Ottoman admiral Barbarossa. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule in southern and central Europe, became strong allies during this period. The alliance was economic as well as military, as the sultans granted France the right of trade within the empire without levy of taxation. In fact, the Ottoman Empire was by this time a significant and accepted part of the European political sphere, and entered into a military alliance with France, England and the Netherlands against Habsburg Spain, Italy and Habsburg Austria.

45. Ottomans and Western Europe As the 16th century progressed, Ottoman naval superiority was challenged by the growing sea powers of western Europe, particularly Portugal, in the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean and the Spice Islands. With the Ottomans blockading sea-lanes to the East and South, the European powers were driven to find another way to the ancient silk and spice routes, now under Ottoman control. On land, the empire was preoccupied by military campaigns in the Austria and Persia, two widely-separated theaters of war. The strain of these conflicts on the empire's resources, and the logistics of maintaining lines of supply and communication across such vast distances, ultimately rendered its sea efforts unsustainable and unsuccessful. The overriding military need for defense on the western and eastern frontiers of the empire eventually made effective long-term engagement on a global scale impossible.

46. The Ottoman Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Social / Military Divans Heads of Individual Religious Millets Local Administrators & Military Landowners / Tax Collectors MuslimsJews Christians

47. Ottoman Society Few conflicts with Christians Rival Muslim groups had claims to dynastic rule Multiethnic army Recruited Christian children for army (devsirme) Bureaucracy Arabic and Ottoman languages Created a separate class with allegiance to sultan Education Palace schools and governors or janissaries

48. Janissaries

49. “Recruited” from Balkans and beyond with allegiance to sultan Elite, military machines Precision and discipline Uniforms and military band Feared throughout Europe Move west not east. Why?

50. Calligraphy

51. Prayer Rug, 16c Ottoman Empire

52. Illuminated Qur’an Page

54. Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court Human Images?

55. Conversations Between Muslims & Christians

56. Scholars at the Galata Observatory (Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557

57. Battle of Lepanto (1571) Habsburg Alliance v. Ottomans Fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic maritime states, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge off western Greece….Impact?

58. The Ottoman Empire Trade Routes

59. The Decline of the Empire: 18c

60. Ottoman Decline Some historians support the idea the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Lepanto (1570) gave the Holy League temporary control over the Mediterranean, protected Rome from invasion, and prevented the Ottomans from advancing any more into Europe. The Jelali revolts (1519–1610) and Janissary revolts (1622) caused widespread lawlessness and rebellion in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and toppled several governments. However, the 17th century was not simply an era of stagnation and decline, but also a key period in which the Ottoman state and its structures began to adapt to new pressures and new realities, internal and external but a little too late.

61. Ottoman Decline During the stagnation period much territory in the Balkans was ceded to Austria. Certain areas of the empire, such as Egypt and Algeria, became independent in all but name, and subsequently came under the influence of Britain and France. The 18th century saw centralized authority giving way to varying degrees of provincial autonomy enjoyed by local governors and leaders. A series of wars were fought between the Russian and Ottoman empires from the 17th to the 19th century.

62. Ottoman Decline Educational and Technological Reforms were unsuccessful Fortified Walls not enough Military Reforms too late Ethnic Autonomy leads to ethnic nationalism Islamic philosophy, mathematics, and Chinese technology were not enough Walls to keep out invaders from European nations not able to sustain new techonologies Janissary revolt and subsequent massacres

63. Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) The period of Ottoman decline is typically characterized by historians also as an era of modern times. The empire lost territory on all fronts, and there was administrative instability because of the breakdown of the centralized government. European styles and innovations will reshape the Ottomans

64. 1450-1750

65. The Persian Empire The Saffavid Dynasty hailed from the region of Azerbaijan. The Saffavid Shah Ismail I overthrew the White Sheep (Akkoyunlu) Turkish rulers of Persia to found a new native Persian empire. Ismail expanded Persia to include all of present-day Azerbaijan, Iran, and Iraq, plus much of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

66. Shah Ismail I (r. 1502-1524) Shah of Iran and the founder of the Safavid Dynasty which survived until 1736 Isma'il started his campaign in Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, an Twelver Shia militant religious order and unified all of Iran by 1509 Full conversion from Sunni to Shia

67. The Persian Empire Ismail's expansion was halted by the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 War with the Ottomans became a fact of life in Safavid Iran. Sunni versus Shia Islam Turk v. Persian?

68. The Persian Empire Saffavid Persia was a violent and chaotic state for the next seventy years, but in 1588 Shah Abbas I of Saffavid ascended to the throne and instituted a cultural and political renaissance. He moved his capital to Isfahan, which quickly became one of the most important cultural centers in the Islamic world. He made peace with the Ottomans. He reformed the army, drove the Uzbeks out of Iran and into modern-day Uzbekistan, and (with English help) recaptured the island of Hormuz from the Portuguese.

69. Shah Abbas I (The Great) Abbas came to the throne during a troubled time for Iran. Under his weak-willed father, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, the Ottoman Empire and the Uzbeks, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. In 1587, a coup overthrew his father, Shah Mohammed, and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne Abbas was no puppet and soon seized power for himself and reformed the army, enabling him to fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks and reconquer Iran's lost provinces Also took back land from the Portuguese and the Mughals Abbas was a great builder and moved his kingdom's capital from Qazvin to Isfahan. In his later years, the shah became suspicious of his own sons and had them killed or blinded. r. 1587-1629

70. Isfahan  ”City of Mosques”

71. Shah Abbas I (the Great)/ Shi’a Safavid Dynasty/ Isfahan/ iwans (vaulted hall or space)

72. Chahar Bagh/ Maiden (park or square)/ bulbous domes/ cool interior

73. Maidan Iwan

75. Muqarnas (stalactite vault)/ haft-rangi (seven colors) tiles

76. Mihrab from the Madrasa Imami (Isfahan, Iran), c. 1354, glazed mosaic tilework

77. The Persian Empire The Safavids were followers of Shi'a Islam, and under them Persia (Iran) became the largest Shi'a country in the Muslim world, a position Iran still holds today. Under the Safavids, Persia enjoyed its last period as a major imperial power. In 1639, a final border was agreed upon with the Ottoman Empire which delineates the border between the Republic of Turkey and Iran and also that of between Iraq and Iran, today.

78. Persia and Europe 1722-1914 Throughout the Middle Ages, the natural philosophy and mathematics of ancient Greeks were furthered and preserved within the Muslim world. During this period, Persia became a centre for the manufacture of scientific instruments, retaining its reputation for quality well into the 19th century. In 1722, the Safavid state collapsed. That year saw the first European invasion of Persia since the time of Heraclius: Peter the Great, Emperor of Imperial Russia, invaded from the northwest as part of a bid to dominate central Asia. Ottoman forces accompanied the Russians, successfully laying siege to Isfahan. The Russians conquered the city of Baku and its surroundings. The Turks also gained territory. However, the Safavids were severely weakened, and that same year (1722), the Afghans launched a bloody battle in response to the Safavids' attempts on trying to forcefully convert them from Sunni to Shi'a sect of Islam. The last Safavid shah was executed, and the dynasty came to an end.

79. The Persian Empire Persia found relative stability in the Qajar dynasty, ruling from 1779 to 1925, but lost hope to compete with the new industrial powers of Europe Persia found itself sandwiched between the growing Russian Empire in Central Asia and the expanding British Empire in India. Each carved out pieces from the Persian empire that became Bahrain, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Georgia and Uzbekistan, amongst other previous provinces. Although Persia was never directly invaded, it gradually became economically dependent on Europe. The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 formalized Russian and British control over the north and south of the country, respectively, where Britain and Russia each created a "sphere of influence.”

80. 1450-17501450-1750

81. Mughal Empire 1526-1857 Babur r. 1526-1530 Akbar r. 1556-1605 Auranwzeb r. 1658- 1707

82. Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was an imperial power which ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the mid-19th centuries. At the height of its power, around 1700, it controlled most of the subcontinent and parts of what is now Afghanistan. Mughal means Mongol in Arabic

83. Early Mughal History Established around 1504 by Timurid prince, Babur, descendent of Ghenghis Khan and great-grandson of Timur or Tamerlane In 1526, Babur defeated last of the Delhi Sultans to secure his new kingdom using artillery and horse-mounted archers Babur’s descendents will go onto to rule the subcontinent for next several hundred years

84. Babur (r. 1526-1530) Muslim emperor from Central Asia [Uzbek] but cultural lineage was Persian Drew on support from Turkic and Persian peoples with very diverse multiethnic army Was helped by many to overthrow Ibrahim Lodh, the last Delhi Sultanate, who was despised by many

85. Mongol Traditions As the Mongols had done elsewhere, the Mughals adopted Islam and the Persian culture The first Mughal King, Babur, established the Mughal Dynasty in regions spanning parts of present-day Pakistan and India Upon invading the region, the Mughals inter- married with local royalty and formed a Turko- Persian and Mongol Dynasty Religious tolerance

86. Mughal Traditions The language of the court was Farsi and the language spoken was Urdu Akbar instituted non-Muslim tax but abandoned the Muslim lunar calendar in favor of a solar calendar Under the Mughals religious toleration was hallmark Only one of the Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan’s son, would utilize state persecution of non-Muslims

87. Akbar (r. 1556-1605) Akbar the Great was only 13 when he became emperor Many military victories and expansion of empire Tolerant attitude towards other religions discussions of faith was common Secular emperor

88. Agra Fort The great Mughals Babur, Hamayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb all ruled from Agra Walled palatial city or “town of victory”

89. Aga Mirak (?). Laila and Majnun at School, 1524-1525, miniature from a manuscript a mullah and his students/ setting accommodates the rules of arabesque design/ use of outline to emphasize a flat 2-D design/ space suggested by placement of figures and objects on the picture plane

91. Abd allah Musawwir. The Meeting of the Theologians, c. 1540-49, miniature from a manuscript secular art/ a beggar outside of a mosque/ profusion of patterns

93. Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658) Persian word meaning “King of the World” Golden Age of the Mughals Architecture Threats from Deccan, Bengal, and Northweset Centralized court and artwork used to express state ideology House arrest under son, Aurangzeb

94. Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658) Shah Jahan probably left his greatest legacy by his building projects and palace renovations Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Shalimar Gardens Peacock Throne, now located in Iran Patron of fine arts Romance and serenity

95. Taj Mahal (Agra, India), 1632-1654 Muhgal (Mongol) Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal/ architectural metaphor for paradise and the Throne of God/ mausoleum with minarets/ reflecting pool/ symmetrical balance/ a planned black mausoleum for Shah Jahan

97. Aurangzeb (r.1658-1707) Alamgir I aka Conqueror of the Universe Murdered brother, imprisoned father, and abandoned religious tolerance of predecessors Sunni Fundamentalist Sharia Law Destruction of Hindu and Sikh Temples* Reintroduction of Non-Muslim taxes

98. Aurangzeb (r.1658-1707) Expansion of Empire but continuous wars helped to drain resources Religious intolerance and lack of economic and political leadership will begin the decline of the Mughal Dynasty Successors of Aurangzeb will be unable to maintain the wars and the economic links to keep the Mughals viable Islamic laws and wars against Hindus and Sikhs helped to unify these groups against the Muslim Mughals

99. Aurangzeb Many mosques were built in the lands of the Northwest in what is now Pakistan Some historians believe the tenure of Aurangzeb was the beginning of the end for Mughal rule in the subcontinent Why?

100. Mughal Empire Most notable of Babur’s descendents were Akbar, his grandson and Shah Jahan, Akbar’s grandson One of the most recognized buildings in the world was commissioned by Shah Jahan The Taj Mahal in Agra as a tomb for his wife

101. Mughal Golden Age The classic period of the Empire starts with the accession of Akbar the Great in 1556 and ends with the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, although the Empire continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Mughal Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions of India. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, date to this period.

102. Mughal Decline Most decisively the series of wars against the Pashtuns in Afghanistan weakened the very foundation upon which Mughal military rested. The Pashtuns formed the backbone of the Mughal army and were some of the most hardened troops and seriously undermined the Mughal miltary apparatus when they resisted changes in tax and administrative systems. The powers of Europe were challenging themselves to the game of who could conquer these foreign lands and exploit their riches and wealth for their own personal gain. The Mughal throne auctioned its agricultural crown lands to the Dutch or the British for revenue extraction and the end was near.

103. Mughal Dynasty Ends Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last of the Mughal emperors in India, as well as the last ruler of the Timurid Dynasty. He was the son of Akbar Shah II by his Hindu wife Lalbai. He became the Mughal Emperor upon his father's death on September 28, 1838 and was later exiled by the British to Rangoon (Yangoon) in 1858