1. CELL DIVERSITY

2. Contents Tissue Organ System Organism Tissue Culture Plant Animal
Applications
Classification
Species
Classification of humans

3. Tissue
Group of cells with a similar structure and function, in a multicellular organism.

4. Examples of Plant Tissues
Meristematic tissue - actively dividing cells
Dermal tissue - for protection - epidermis
Ground tissue - for packing - cortex
Vascular tissue - for transport – xylem & phloem

5. Cells & Tissues in a Leaf
Vascular Tissue
Ground Tissue

6. Ilex, holly, leaf lamina

7. Examples of Animal Tissues
Epithelial tissue - for lining the body parts
Connective tissue - holds the body together
Muscular tissue - for body movement
Nervous tissue - for responding to stimuli

8. Smooth Muscle Tissue - diagram

9. Striated Muscle Tissue - slide

10. Group of tissues (at least two) with a particular function.
Organ
Group of tissues (at least two) with a particular function.

11. Examples of Plant Organs
Leaves – epidermis (protection), ground (photosynthesis) and vascular tissues (transport).
Roots – meristematic (growth), vascular (transport), epidermis (protection & absorption), and ground tissue (food storage and bulk)
Stems, Flowers, Fruits & Seeds are other organs.

12. L.S. & T.S. of Root (Organ) showing tissues

13. Examples of Animal Organs
Heart – cardiac muscle, nerves & valves (tissues) working together to pump the blood.
Stomach – smooth muscle, blood, nerves, epithelial & connective tissues work together to digest food
Liver, Lungs, etc. are other organs

14. The Heart – An Organ

15. The Stomach, Duodenum & Pancreas - Organs

16. Group of organs working together which have specific functions.
System
Group of organs working together which have specific functions.

17. Human Organ Systems (1/2)

18. Human Organ Systems (2/2)

19. A group of systems functioning together for living e.g. man.
Organism
A group of systems functioning together for living e.g. man.

20. Tissue Culture
This is a technique in which individual cells are grown and divide in a bath of sterile nutritive fluid which often contains hormones and growth substances.
Can be used to grow both plant and animal tissue in the laboratory.

21. Tissue Culture – Plants (1/3)
e.g. pieces of carrot will produce a lump of cells called a callus, which will produce new carrot plants that can be planted in soil.
These plants are genetically identical (clones).
This technique useful in genetic engineering for the production of transgenic organisms
(i.e. organisms that have been altered using genetic engineering techniques)

22. Tissue Culture – Plants (2/3)
e.g. Tomato plants – gene responsible for softening of the fruit has been ‘switched off’ – this variety used for ketchup

23. Transgenic plants & products (3/3)
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Onions
Carrots
Apples
Turnips
Leeks
Cauliflowers
Radishes
Bread

24. Tissue Culture – Animals (1/2)
Human cells tend to grow in single layered sheets rather than clumps.
Progress has been made in growing skin cells to replace burnt skin.
Bone tissue and cartilage are grown for use in reconstructive surgery.
Some success in growing large quantities of cells that produce a specific chemical e.g. insulin producing cells.

25. Tissue Culture – Animals (2/2)
Find gene responsible for making a particular protein.
Insert this gene into a bacterium.
Very easy to grow large quantities of this transformed bacteria that will produce the protein.
This process easier than trying to grow the original cells.

26. Tissue Culture - Applications
Cancer research
Plant breeding
Routine analysis of chromosome karyotypes

27. Classification

28. Species
Is a group of animals or plants that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
members of a species share the same characteristics and differ only in minor details.
To study them we need a way of classifying them to make it manageable.

29. Classification The large number of living organisms on earth.
These are classified into groups of similar organisms – kingdoms.
These are further divided into smaller and smaller groups - Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.

30. The five kingdom classification system

31. The classification of humans

32. END