1. Key Idea #13
Following fertilization, cells divide and become specialized for specific functions.

2. What do you want to be when you grow up?
There are many important jobs that grown ups do to keep our world running smoothly.
Whether doctors, teachers, builders, engineers, farmers, etc, everyone learns a specific skill which they can then use to help everyone else.
Just like people, cells specialize in important jobs.

3. During early embryonic development, the cells of the body became specialized for different activities in a process called cell differentiation.

4. How Living Things are Structured

5. Following fertilization, cell division produces a small cluster of cells that then differentiate by appearance and function to form the basic tissues, organs, and organ systems of multi-cellular organisms.
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6. Specialized Cells
are very different from each other in size and structure
are only found in multi-celled organisms and carry out different functions from each other
Cells that become liver cells express a specific set of “liver genes”
make up different kinds of body tissues, organs, and organ systems that function together

7. Specialized Animal Cells

8. Specialized Animal Cells

9. Specialized Plant Cells

10. Specialized Plant Cells Plant Book p. 145

11. Epidermis and cuticle: prevents dehydration.
Green chlorophyll containing cells: perform photosynthesis
Guard Cells: help to regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata.

12. Xylem
Xylem tissues are tubes that carry materials from the roots to the leaves.
FYI
Roots soak up water and minerals from the soil.
Cells need minerals in their activities.

13. Phloem
Phloem tissues are tubes that carry sugar (glucose) away from the leaves to be used by other parts of the plant.
FYI
In trees, phloem located just below the bark.
As the phloem cells form, they push out old phloem which makes up the bark.

14. Tissues are made up of groups of similar specialized cells.

15. A variety of specialized cells formed through cell division make up different tissues, performing different functions.

16. Types of Animal Tissues
epithelial tissue
outer skin cells
connective tissue
cartilage cells
fat cells
blood cells
bone cells
inner skin cells
muscular tissue
muscle cells
nervous tissue
nerve cells

17. Types of Plant Tissues Vascular tissue Epidermal tissue Ground tissue
transports materials through the plant
Made up of xylem and phloem cells
Epidermal tissue
protective covering
outer surface of leaf cells
Ground tissue
storage and support Photosynthetic layers of cells

19. Organs
are a group of different tissues working together performing a specific job.

20. Plant organs include
roots
stems
leaves
flowers

21. Animal organs include stomach liver kidney heart lungs skin skeleton
muscles, etc…

22. FYI:
The heart is an organ that includes muscle, epithelial, connective (blood) tissue.
Leaves, stems, and roots are organs made up of dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.

23. Cells – Tissues – Organs – Organ Systems

24. Organ System
An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task.

25. Humans have multiple organ systems including:

26. Plants have two organ systems:

27. Above ground (usually) Elevates the plant above the soil
The Shoot System
Above ground (usually)
Elevates the plant above the soil
Many functions including:
photosynthesis
reproduction & dispersal
food and water conduction

28. Underground (usually) Anchor the plant in the soil
The Root System
Underground (usually)
Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb water and nutrients
Conduct water and nutrients
Food Storage

29. From atoms and molecules to organisms:

30. Think about it:
Why do multicelled organisms like plants and animals make specialized cells, considering that every cell contains the same genetic information?