1. Activities
Powerpoint

2. Roots of Science
Before 1500, scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to an ancient Greek or Roman author or to the Bible.
The Printing Press helped spread new ideas.

3. Earth
During the Middle Ages, most scholars believed the Earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe.

4. This earth centered theory was established by Aristotle and Ptolemy of Greece.
Also, Christianity had taught that God had deliberately placed the earth at the center of the universe.
Geocentric Theory

5. Exploration and Paper
European exploration to parts unknown helped spark new ideas and led to navigational/scientific inventions.
Also, Johannes Gutenberg and his printing press helped make books cheaper, thus stirring debate.

6. A New Theory
A Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus argued the earth revolved around the sun = heliocentric theory.
Copernicus was fearful of ridicule and persecution…why?
He published his books the last year of his life.

7. Galileo
Johannes Kepler used his math skills to demonstrate planet movements.
The Italian, Galileo Galilei, used a Dutch lens maker to build a superior telescope, which confirmed the theories of Copernicus.

8. The Church
Galileo’s findings frightened the established church teachings.
Despite warnings from the Catholic Church, Galileo published his findings and was summoned before the Papal Court in 1633.
He was forced to recant, but supposedly turned as said…?

9. What do you think this cartoon implies?

10. Scientific Method
Galileo was never again a free man and remained and lived under house arrest until death.
A new method from Sir Francis Bacon was adopted using a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas, THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

11. MMM Bacon!
Francis Bacon, believed practical knowledge by scientists would improve people’s lives.
Was he right?
He urged scientists to use experiments for conclusions = empirical method/ empiricism.

12. Doubt and Reason
Rene Descartes, believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason.

13. Newton
English scientist Sir Isaac Newton was certain that all physical objects were affected equally by the same forces and thus there was a universal gravitation.
He used an orange as an example…I mean an apple.

14. Clocks Newton described the universe as a giant clock.
Newton believed that God was the creator of this orderly universe, the clockmaker who had set everything in motion.

15. Scientific Instruments
Microscope = bacteria
Barometer = weather
Thermometer = temperature

16. Medicine Ancient scientists rarely ever dissected human bodies.
Any guesses what they dissected instead? Pigs
Vesalius studied bodies and their anatomy.
Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox.
What is a vaccine?

17. STOP

18. Government
The Age of Reason or Enlightenment stressed reason and thought and brought great change to many aspects of Western civilization.
Two views emerged, drawing different conclusions about government and human nature.

19. Man =  Thomas Hobbes expressed his work in a book called Leviathan.
He thoughts humans were naturally “selfish and wicked.”
People needed to hand over their rights to a strong leader = social contract.

20. Man = 
John Locke held a more positive view; people were reasonable and could learn from their experiences and improve themselves.
They were born free and equal and should self govern.

21. Mystery Man
Francois Marie Arouet used the pen name of Voltaire to write satire against his opponents.
Voltaire was often imprisoned and stood for freedom of speech.
“I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

22. Powers
Baron de Montesquieu called the division of power among different branches separation of powers.
“Power…should be a check to power.” = checks and balances.
How similar do these guys look!?

23. Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau was committed to individual freedom.
He felt that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness. Do you agree or disagree?

24. Justice
Cesare Beccaria believed laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes.
Other key ideas: speedy trial, degrees of punishment (not always off with your head!), and no capital punishment.

25. Women
Can you believe that most males scolded women for reading novels because they thought it encouraged wickedness…huh?
Progress could not be stopped, as wealthy females spread ideas at salons…not the type of salon you are thinking of.

26. Rights of Females
Mary Wollstonecraft published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
Women should enter the fields of politics and medicine.
Her daughter would write the classic novel Frankenstein.

27. Spread the News
The news of the day was spread by new printing presses, making literature much cheaper.
Denis Diderot began publishing the Encyclopedia.
Along with the salons, a wave of information was now available to those that were literate.

28. Pages from the Encyclopedia

29. Action!!!
Well, sort of…most of these reformers were the spark to the revolutions.
People began to turn away from the church and royalty for guidance and looked to themselves.
British economist Adam Smith took this thinking and created the consumer.

30. The Arts
The Enlightenment ideals of order and reason were reflected in the arts: music, literature, painting, and architecture.
Early European art could be described as Baroque = grand and ornate… Palace of Versailles.

31. Neo Style
Neoclassical adapted simple and elegant styles of the Greeks and Romans.
Lighter and elegant music became known as classical.
Great artists were Mozart and Beethoven.

32. Monarchs Some monarchs accepted these new ideas and adopted reforms.
For example, Frederick II of Prussia granted many reforms and considered himself a “servant of the state.”
What does this mean?

33. Americans!
Another revolution that gained steam from the enlightenment is the American Revolution.
Many of our American founding fathers can be described as philosophes and reformers.

34. Revolution Maybe the most studied revolution is the French Revolution.
The French Revolution stood for reform, but soon stood for death.
Soon after this came a general who would wreak havoc on the European continent….11 minutes.

35. Constitution Ideas are usually nothing without a stable society.
The United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights help instill these enlightened ideas in America.

38. Analyze This!