1. The Scientific Revolution
The Renaissance inspired curiosity in many fields and carried over to the science world

2. geocentric- the earth is the center of the solar system
geocentric- the earth is the center of the solar system. (church’s view)
heliocentric- the sun is the center of the solar system
Nicolaus Copernicus- Polish astronomer who found that the sun was the center. He did not publish his findings out of fear and ridicule until the last year of his life.
Johannes Kepler- discovered laws of planetary motion and agreed heliocentric and added that the planets moved in ellipses (oval paths) around the sun.

3. Galileo Galilei Italian scientist & mathematician
Discovered the law of the pendulum
Built his own telescope
The Catholic church warned Galileo not to defend ideas of Copernicus.
went to trial where he took back everything he had said. He publicly stated that Copernicus was wrong. He lived under house arrest the rest of his life.

4. The Scientific Method- procedure for gathering & testing ideas.
Question comes from Observation
Form a hypothesis
Experiment
Analyze and Interpret data
Conclusion- confirms or disproves the observation
Francis Bacon- English writer and scientist who came up with the Scientific Method

5. Rene Descartes- French philosopher & mathematician developed analytical geometry and believed in using logic and math to solve problems. Believed that everything should be doubted until proven with reason. QUOTE #1 “I think, therefore I am” Isaac Newton- English scientist who came up with the theory of gravity. wrote “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” QUOTE #2 “If I have seen further than others it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants”

6. Scientific Instruments, Medicine, & the Human body
Zacharias Jannsen- The first microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek- used microscope to observe bacteria
Gabriel Fahrenheit- Dutch physicist made thermometer using mercury in a glass showed freezing at 32 degrees
Anders Celsius- created a new thermometer that showed freezing at 0
Andreas Vesalius- dissected human corpses and published observations with detailed drawings.
William Harvey- showed blood circulated through the body and understood the function of the heart & blood vessels.
Edward Jenner- British physician introduced the vaccine to prevent smallpox

7. Discoveries in Chemistry
Robert Boyle- the founder of modern Chemistry. He used the Scientific Method in chemistry. Boyle’s law- how the volume, temperature, & pressure of a gas affect each other.
Joseph Priestly- chemist who separated one pure gas from air. (his invention led to carbonated drinks)
Antoine Lavoisier- French chemist discovered oxygen

8. The Enlightenment “The Age of Reason”
The Scientific Revolution applied reason and scientific method to government, society, religion, economics, & education.
Paris- the center of the Enlightenment

9. Thomas Hobbes- English philosopher idea of a social contract He believed the best form of government was an absolute monarchy. (could impose order & demand obedience) John Locke- English philosopher who disagreed with Hobbes. Thought people could govern themselves. believed in natural rights (life, liberty, & property) He said that if a government fails to protect those, citizens have the right to overthrow. “Two Treatises on Government” foundation for modern democracy The idea of power in the people and the right to rebel was used in the American Revolution.

10. Philosophes- social critics in France who discussed:
Reason
Nature
Happiness
Progress
Liberty
Francois Marie Arouet “Voltaire”- French philosophe who published over 70 books on politics, philosophy, history, fiction, & drama. Wrote satires and criticized the clergy, aristocracy, & government. He was sent to prison and exiled to England. He never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, & freedom of speech.
QUOTE #3 “ I disapprove of what you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”

11. Baron de Montesquieu- influential French writer studied Roman history
Baron de Montesquieu- influential French writer studied Roman history. separation of powers- would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the gov’t. checks and balances- “On the Spirit of Laws” His beliefs were the foundation for the American Constitution. Jean Jacques Rousseau- disagreed with most other Enlightenment thinkers. Believed that people were born good & society made them evil. believed in the social contract but as an agreement between people and their government. He believed in direct democracy. His ideas inspired leaders of the French Revolution.

12. Beccaria- Italian philosopher who exposed the abuses of the justice system. Wanted to abolish capital punishment. The philosophes challenged thoughts about government and society but took a traditional approach to the role of women. Mary Wollstonecraft- considered the 1st feminist. Author of “Vindication of the Rights of Woman” she argued for women’s rights and the right to participate in gov’t.

13. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
salons- social gatherings attended by philosophers, artists, scientists, and other intellects.
Denis Diderot- French author of the Encyclopedie. It was banned by the church.
The salons and the encyclopedie helped educate people all over Europe.

14. Baroque
Grand and ornate style
Elaborate palaces such as Versailles
Classical-
The Enlightenment ideals of order and reason were reflected in the arts, music, literature, painting, and architecture.