1. Bone and Joint Disorders & Diseases Yes, you better drink your milk!

2. Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

4. Adolescence –Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends Size of cranium in relationship to body –2 years old—skull is larger in proportion to the body compared to that of an adult –8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion –Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull

5. Spinal Curvatures Scoliosis –Curving of the spine Lordosis –inward curvature of a portion of the vertebral column Kyphosis –curving of the spine that causes a bowing of the back,which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture

6. Spinal Curvatures

7. Osteoporosis Bone-thinning disease afflicting –50% of women over age 65 –20% of men over age 70 Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

8. Osteogenesis Imperfecta Sometimes known as Brittle Bone Disease An autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes people to be born without the appropriate amount or quality of collagen

9. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis –Inflammation of a bursa (small fluid filled sac providing cushioning in a joint) usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis –Inflammation of tendon sheaths

10. Arthritis Inflammation of joints and the breakdown of cartilage, which normally protects the joint, allowing for smooth movement 1 in 3 adult Americans suffer from some form of arthritis Affects about twice as many women as men Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in the US

11. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis –Most common chronic arthritis –Probably related to normal aging processes Rheumatoid arthritis –An autoimmune disease (the immune system attacks the joints) –Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints –Often leads to deformities

12. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Gouty arthritis –Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood –Can usually be controlled with diet

13. Paget’s Disease Chronic bone condition characterized by disorder of the normal bone remodeling process –Not synchronized –Bone that is formed is abnormal, enlarged, not as dense, brittle, and prone to breakage It's estimated that 1% of adults in the U.S. have Paget's disease Cause unknown

14. Rickets Rickets is a disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate It leads to softening and weakening of the bones and is seen most commonly in children 6-24 months of age There are several subtypes of rickets

15. Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJ) Where the upper jaw (maxilla) and lower jaw (mandible) Stiffness, headaches, ear pain, bite problems (malocclusion), clicking sounds, or locked jaws

16. TMJ Causes The following are behaviors or conditions that can lead to TMJ disorders: –Teeth grinding –Habitual gum chewing or fingernail biting –Dental problems and misalignment of the teeth (malocclusion) –Trauma to the jaws –Stress (frequently leads to unreleased nervous energy) –Occupational tasks (such as holding the telephone between the head and shoulder)

17. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) Rare but dominant genetic disorder that turns muscles, tendons and ligaments into bone, threatening to transform the victim into "a statue of stone”

18. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) The average age at the onset of misplaced bone formation is 5 years (range: from birth to 25 years) By the age of 15 years, more than 95% of the patients have severely restricted mobility of the arms

19. Craniosynostosis Congenital (present at birth) defect that causes one or more sutures on a baby's head to close earlier than normal Sutures are connections that separate each individual skull bones The early closing of a suture leads to an abnormally shaped head

20. Craniosynostosis