1. Fiscal Policy Changes in federal taxes and purchases

2. Where does the government spend its money? Federal Government Spending, 2008

3. Fiscal Policy An Overview of Government Spending and Taxes The Federal Government’s Share of Total Government Expenditures, 1929–2006

4. Fiscal Policy An Overview of Government Spending and Taxes Federal Purchases and Federal Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP, 1950–2008

5. Where does the government get its money? Federal Government Revenue, 2008

7. Laffer Curve (not in the book): there is optimal amount of taxation Tax Government revenue

8. Is Spending on Social Security and Medicare a Fiscal Time Bomb? Making the Connection Will the federal government be able to keep the promises made by the Social Security and Medicare programs?

9. Government spending and aggregate demand

10. The Effects of Fiscal Policy on Real GDP and the Price Level Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy: An Initial Look

11. Using Fiscal Policy to Influence Aggregate Demand: A More Complete Account An Expansionary Fiscal Policy

12. Using Fiscal Policy to Influence Aggregate Demand: A More Complete Account A Contractionary Fiscal Policy

13. Obama Again Raises Estimate of Jobs His Stimulus Plan Will Create or Save During 2009, the federal government implemented an expansionary fiscal policy to pull the economy out of recession. Obama Uses Fiscal Policy to Stimulate the Economy AN INSIDE LOOK >>

14. A Summary of How Fiscal Policy Affects Aggregate Demand Countercyclical Fiscal Policy PROBLEMTYPE OF POLICY ACTIONS BY CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENTRESULT RecessionExpansionaryIncrease government spending or cut taxes Real GDP and the price level rise. Rising InflationContractionaryDecrease government spending or raise taxes Real GDP and the price level fall. Don’t Let This Happen to YOU! Don’t Confuse Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy

15. Multiplier (again)

16. The Government Purchases and Aggregate Demand The Multiplier Effect and Aggregate Demand

17. Taking into Account the Effects of Aggregate Supply The Multiplier Effect and Aggregate Supply

18. The Government Purchases and Tax Multipliers The Multiplier Effect of an Increase in Government Purchases

19. The Government Purchases and Tax Multipliers The ratio of the change in equilibrium real GDP to the initial change in government purchases is known as the government purchases multiplier: The expression for the tax multiplier is:

20. A cut in tax rates affects equilibrium real GDP through two channels: (1)A cut in tax rates increases the disposable income of households, which leads them to increase their consumption spending, and (2)a cut in tax rates increases the size of the multiplier effect.

21. Decrease and increases in government expenditure are multiplied Decrease and increase in taxes are multiplied The Multipliers Work in Both Directions

22. Solved Problem Fiscal Policy Multipliers Briefly explain whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: “Real GDP is currently $12.2 trillion, and potential real GDP is $12.5 trillion. If Congress and the president would increase government purchases by $300 billion or cut taxes by $300 billion, the economy could be brought to equilibrium at potential GDP.”

23. Crowding out A decline in private expenditures as a result of an increase in government purchases.

24. Crowding out limits Fiscal Policy in the short run. Crowding Out in the Money Market An Expansionary Fiscal Policy Increases Interest Rates

25. In the long run, the economy returns to potential GDP. Crowding Out in the Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Diagram

26. Budget Deficit Budget deficit The situation in which the government’s expenditures are greater than its tax revenue. Budget surplus The situation in which the government’s expenditures are less than its tax revenue.

27. Deficits, Surpluses, and Federal Government Debt The Federal Budget Deficit, 1901–2009

28. Cyclically adjusted budget deficit or surplus: The deficit or surplus in the federal government’s budget if the economy were at potential GDP. Deficits, Surpluses, and Federal Government Debt How the Federal Budget Can Serve as an Automatic Stabilizer

29. Did Fiscal Policy Fail during the Great Depression? Making the Connection Although government spending increased during the Great Depression, the cyclically adjusted budget was in surplus most years. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS ACTUALFEDERAL BUDGET DEFICIT OR SURPLUS (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS) CYCLICALLY ADJUSTED BUDGET DEFICIT OR SURPLUS (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS) CYCLICALLY ADJUSTED BUDGET DEFICIT OR SURPLUS AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP 1929$2.6$1.0$1.241.20% 19302.70.20.810.89 19314.0-2.1-0.41-0.54 19323.0-1.30.500.85 19333.4-0.91.061.88 19345.5-2.20.090.14 19355.6-1.90.540.74 19367.8-3.20.470.56 19376.40.22.552.77 19387.3-1.32.472.87 19398.4-2.12.002.17

30. Solved Problem The Effect of Economic Fluctuations on the Budget Deficit The federal government’s budget deficit was $207.8 billion in 1983 and $185.4 billion in 1984. A student comments, “The government must have acted during 1984 to raise taxes or cut spending or both.” Do you agree? Briefly explain.

31. Although many economists believe that it is a good idea for the federal government to have a balanced budget when the economy is at potential GDP, few economists believe that the federal government should attempt to balance its budget every year. Deficits, Surpluses, and Federal Government Debt Should the Federal Budget Always Be Balanced?

32. Deficits, Surpluses, and Federal Government Debt The Federal Government Debt The Federal Government Debt, 1901–2006

33. Debt can be a problem for a government for the same reasons that debt can be a problem for a household or a business. Deficits, Surpluses, and Federal Government Debt Is Government Debt a Problem?

34. Tax wedge The difference between the pretax and posttax return to an economic activity. The Effects of Fiscal Policy in the Long Run The Long-Run Effects of Tax Policy Individual income tax. Corporate income tax. Taxes on dividends and capital gains. We can look briefly at the effects on aggregate supply of cutting each of the following taxes: In addition to the potential gains from cutting individual taxes, there are also gains from tax simplification. Tax Simplification

35. The Effects of Fiscal Policy in the Long Run The Economic Effect of Tax Reform The Supply-Side Effects of a Tax Change

36. Most economists would agree that there are supply-side effects to reducing taxes: Decreasing marginal income tax rates will increase the quantity of labor supplied, cutting the corporate income tax will increase investment spending, and so on. The magnitude of the effects is subject to considerable debate, however. The Effects of Fiscal Policy in the Long Run How Large Are Supply-Side Effects?