2. Chemical Energy and Food Food provides living things with the chemical building blocks they need to grow and reproduce A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1degree Celsius. Cells can use all sorts of molecules for food, including fats, proteins, and carbohydrates Cells do not simply burn food and release energy as heat They gradually break down food molecules, capturing a small amount of chemical energy at key steps

3. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen, 6O2+C6H12O6  6CO2+6H2O+Energy Cellular respiration requires oxygen and food molecules such as glucose, and it gives off carbon dioxide, energy, and water If CR took place in just one step, all of the energy from glucose would be released at once, and most of it will be lost The cell needs to find a way to trap those little bits of energy by using them to make ATP

4. Three main stages – Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, electron transport chain. Glucose first enters a chem. Pathway known as glycolysis Bulk of energy comes from electron transport chain The ETC requires reactants from the other two stages of the process The ETC uses oxygen to extract so much energy from the reactants

5. Requires oxygen- aerobic Doesn’t require oxygen- anaerobic Mitochondria convert energy stored in food to usable energy for the cell Krebs cycle and ETC are both aerobic processes Glycolysis is anerobic

6. Energy in photosynthesis and cellular respiration flow in opposite directions Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atm., and cellular resp. puts it back. Photosyn. Releases oxygen into the atmosphere CR uses that oxygen to release energy from food The release of energy by CR takes place in nearly all life: plants, animals, fungi, protists, and most bacteria

7. Glycolysis 1 st step in cellular respiration literally means “sugar-breaking” During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose, a 6 carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon compound Energy is releases as the bonds in glucose are broken and rearranged This process involves many chemical steps that transform glucose

8. at pathways beginning, 2 ATP molecules are used up glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecules this gives cell net gain of 2 ATP molecules Needs little energy to get things going

9. the electron carrier accepts pair of high-energy electron holds electrons until they can be transferred into other molecules In the presence of oxygen, these high-energy electrons can be used to produce even more ATP molecules NAD+ stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

10. 4 ATP molecules are synthesized from 4 ADP molecules energy yield from glycolysis is small it doesn’t require oxygen There is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules The speed of the process is an advantage when the energy demands of a cell suddenly increase

11. Pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes this second stage of cellular respiration During the cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions Named after Hans Krebs British biochemist who demonstrated its existence in 1937 Also known as the citric acid cycle

12. Matrix is the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion 1 carbon atom from pyruvic acid becomes part of a molecule of carbon dioxide, which is released into the air resulting molecule is acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA adds the 2 carbon acetyl group to a 4 carbon mole cule already present in the cycle This produces a 6 carbon molecule called citric acid

13. citric acid is broken down into 4-carbon molecule, more carbon dioxide is released electrons are transferred to energy carriers ATP molecules very useful and become immediately available to power cellular activities

14. Products of k.cycle and glyolysis, are fed into the last step which is electron transport chain Electrons are passed from the carriers to the ETC

15. NADH and FADH2 pass high energy electrons to the ETC End of chain there is an enzyme that combines these electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water H+ ions build up the intermembrane space, making it positively charged relative to the matrix

16. Chemiosmosis is used to produce ATP Inner mitochondrion membrane contains enzymes known as ATP synthesis Each pair of high energy electrons produce enough energy to produce 3 molecules of ATP

17. Together the three processes release about 36 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose Cellular respiration is extremely efficient

19. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP Fermentation is the combined process of the pathway and glycolysis

20. Yeast and other microorganisms use this type of ferm. It produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide Also used to produce alcoholic beverages

21. Doesn’t give off carbon dioxide Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid Certain bacteria that produce lactic acid as a waste product during fermentation are important to industry

22. Three main sources of ATP ATP in muscles, ATP made by lactic acid fermentation, and ATP produced by cellular respiration

23. Cells normally contain small amounts of ATP produced in cellular respiration Fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct Quick bursts of energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid ferm.

24. Exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP Cellular respiration releases energy slower than ferm does Many organisms count on energy stored in fat to get through long periods without food.