1. I CAN:  Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power  Explain cultural differences in achievement  Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex  Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict

2. How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences

3. Need for Achievement (n Ach)  Mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The desire to attain a difficult, but desired, goal

4. Three Types of Needs  Need for Achievement (nAch)  Need for Affiliation (nAff)  the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.  Need for Power (nPow)  the need to have control or influence over others. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

5. A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement  Individualism View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction  Common in the Western world…Europe, the U.S.  Collectivism View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction  Common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East

6. The Thirst Drive  Volumetric Thirst  A drop in extracellular fluid levels  (Fluid outside the cells, such as in the blood) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

7. The Thirst Drive  Osmotic Thirst  A drop in intracellular fluid levels  Results from water moving through the cell walls…escaping in the form of sweat, urine, feces, mucus, breath moisture

8. Pain  Usually produces a drive to avoid or remove, rather than seek, a stimulus.

9. What stages mark the human sexual response cycle?

10. Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

11. Sex and Motivation  Sex in NOT a homeostatic drive because it does not return the body to a state of equilibrium  The brain is the major sex organ in humans

12. Sexual Scripts  Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations  Both learning and genetics affect our sexual behaviors

13. The Scientific Study of Sexuality  1. Alfred Kinsey: Beginning in 1948, interviewed 17,000 Americans concerning their sexual behavior.  Finding: Certain sexual behaviors thought to be rare were, in fact, common  2. Masters and Johnson: 1960s-70s  Brought sex into the laboratory  Sexual Response Cycle  Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women

14. The Physiology of Sex Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual response cycle as consisting of four phases: PhasePhysiological Response Excitement Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges. Plateau Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure. Orgasm Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release. Resolution Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. Women resolve slower.

15. The Sexual Response Cycle MalesFemales Orgasm Plateau Excitement

16. Sexual Problems Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual problems: premature ejaculation and erectile disorder. Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders. Either may suffer from paraphilia disorders. These problems are not due to personality disorders and can be treated through behavior therapy and drugs such as Viagra.

17. Do hormones influence human sexual motivation?

18. Hormones and Sexual Behavior Sex hormones effect the development of sexual characteristics and (especially in animals) activate sexual behavior. MaleTestes Testosterone (Small amounts of estrogen) Female Ovaries Adrenals Estrogen (Small amounts of testosterone)

19. Facts About Estrogen & Testosterone  Women become sexually receptive when estrogen levels peak during ovulation.  Women are more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone).  Testosterone levels remain relatively constant in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior.  Men show increased testosterone levels when socializing with women.

20. How do internal and external stimuli influence sexual motivation?

21. The Psychology of Sex Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we do not have sex, we do not die.

22. External Stimuli It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. Adverse effects of sexually explicit material:  People may begin to devalue their own partners and relationships  Satisfaction with a sexual partner can decrease  Can lead to acceptance of the false idea that women enjoy rape, and can increase violence against women

23. Imagined Stimuli Is the brain our most significant sex organ? Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire. Sotographs/The Gamma-Liaison Network/ Getty Images

24. What factors influence teen pregnancy and risk of sexually transmitted infections?

25. Adolescent Sexuality When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual behavior develops. However, there are cultural differences. Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much greater than in Arab countries and other Asian countries.

26. Sexual Motivation Same drives, different attitudes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

27. Reasons for Lack of Contraception Use Among Teens 1.Ignorance: Surveys indicate that teens often do not have the right ideas about birth control methods. 2.Guilt Related to Sexual Activity: Guilt reduces sexual activity, but it also reduces the use of contraceptives. 3.Minimal Communication: Many teenagers feel uncomfortable discussing contraceptives. 4.Alcohol Use: Those who use alcohol prior to sex are less likely to use contraceptives. 5.Mass Media: The media’s portrayal of unsafe extramarital sex decreases the use of contraceptives.

28. Sexually Transmitted Infections 1.High Intelligence: Teens with higher intelligence are likely to delay sex. 2.Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often reserve sex for a marital commitment. 3.Father Presence: A father’s absence from home can contribute to higher teen sexual activity. 4.Learning Programs: Teens who volunteer and tutor in programs dedicated to reducing teen pregnancy are less likely to engage in unsafe sex. Many sex ed. programs in the U.S. place a greater emphasis on abstinence to reduce STIs. Factors that reduce sexual activity in teens:

29. What has research taught us about sexual orientation?

30. The Origins of Sexual Orientation  Heterosexuality  Homosexuality  Several theories about orientation…testosterone levels and parenting do not contribute Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

31. The Origins of Sexual Orientation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

32. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex, and/or either sex. HomosexualHeterosexual Bisexual

33. Origins of Sexual Orientation Homosexuality is more likely based on biological factors like differing brain centers, genetics, and prenatal hormone exposure rather than environmental factors. Homosexual parents Cynthia Johnson/ Time magazine

34. Animal Homosexuality A number of animal species are devoted to same-sex partners, suggesting that homosexuality exists in the animal world. Wendell and Cass David Hecker/ AFP/ Getty Images

35. Genes & Sexual Orientation A number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may be due to genetic factors. 1.Family: Homosexuality seems to run in families. 2.Twin studies: Homosexuality is more common in identical twins than fraternal twins. However, there are mixed results. 3.Fruit flies: Genetic engineers can genetically manipulate females to act like males during courtship and males to act like females.

36. What evidence points to our human need to belong?

37. The Need to Belong “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong. “Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers from social starvation. 20 th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection

38. Belongingness 1.Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking and emotions. 2.Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it. 3.Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social bonds, even bad ones. 4.Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior.

39. Motives in Conflict  Approach-Approach Conflict  A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options  Finish college or take a full-time job offer  Easiest conflict to resolve Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

40. Motives in Conflict  Approach-Avoidance Conflict  A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made  Going out to a party, knowing that you will be grounded for being at the party. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

41. Motives in Conflict  Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict  A conflict in which one must choose between two equally unattractive options  You intensely hate your job, but fear the reality of unemployment if you quit Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

42. Motives in Conflict  Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict  A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Go to the Party Meet friends Have a good time Aren’t alone Aren’t bored Go to the Party Get grounded Don’t study for a test …fail it Do something stupid that you’ll regret

43. CAN I?  Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power  Explain cultural differences in achievement  Explain weight trends and cultural influences involving hunger/weight  Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex  Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict