1. Patterns of Wealth in Society (1830s-1840s) -101
During the 1830s and 1840s there was an increase in the working class, especially with immigrants from Germany and Ireland. As more immigrants came to the Americas from Europe, factories and other industries grew because of the influx of workers. These immigrants contributed to a large and growing working class, and were willing to work for less than native-born Americans, making it hard to organize industrial workers into unions or other organizations.
Date:
TB page:

2. Cult of Domesticity -102
Also known as the “Cult of True Womanhood,” was the notion that women belonged in the home as the spiritual heads of the family who cared for the home and the children while the males were away at work. Included in this was the idea of “separate spheres,” in which the man owned the public sphere and the woman owned the domestic sphere of living. At the time, this was not totally negative to women, because in the home and in spiritual pursuits they were often seen as leaders, and superior to men in these regards. Women were praised for having clean homes, and caring for their children and husbands.
Important People: Lyman Beecher
Date: 1820s-1840s
TB page: 286

3. ID#103: King Cotton Date- Mid 19th Century
Significance- With the help of the cotton gin, cotton became the main staple of farming in the South. This led to the term “King Cotton” and to the great plantations of the South. Slavery increased and the creation of plantations led to Sectionalism within America due to very different ways of life in the North and South.
Reference – TB: , VT CH11 (Slide#10)

4. ID#104: Transcendentalism
Date- Late 1820’s and 1830’s
Significance-This philosophical movement inspired this time period’s most memorable experiments in thinking and living on a higher plane. Transcendentalism influenced literature and as a result of the movement people had a different outlook on their relationship with nature which led to reform.
Reference- TB :297, VT CH12 (Slide#10)

5. ID#105: Joseph Smith Date- 1805-1844
Significance- Joseph Smith is the founder of Mormonism. He told people that he had received revelations from an angel sent from God. This made him establish, in his opinion, a pure church on Earth. Smith published the Book of Mormon. (Assassinated in 1844)
Reference- TB:

6. ID#106: Mormonism Date- Began in 1830
Significance- A Christian sect, the Mormons are the first all American religion. When founder John Smith was killed, the ability of Brigham Young to lead the Mormons west to Utah showed the result of American Expansion.
Reference- TB:

7. ID#107: Horace Mann Date- 1796-1859
Significance- The first person to push for state funded schools in America, Horace Mann argued that public schools were good for the future of America and that the schools saved children from their parents’ bad influence. Mann’s efforts for public education showed how America was changing socially.
Reference- TB: , VT CH12 (Slide#5)

8. ID#108: Rise of Feminism
Date- Started with the Second Great Awakening, Seneca Falls Convention: 1848
Significance- Women began to discuss their rights and started to demand reform. The movement for women’s rights began mainly with the Seneca Falls Convention. With the rise of feminism, women tried to assert themselves more in society.
Reference- TB: 295, VT CH 12 (Slide#8)

9. ID#109: Abolitionism
Date- Began in 1830’s (Emancipation Proclamation- 1863)
Significance- Abolitionism, the movement to abolish slavery in America, contributed to sectionalism in America. Generally the North called for the end of slavery while the South wanted the expansion slavery. The call for abolition played a major role in the cause of the Civil War.
Reference- TB: , VT CH12 (Slide#6,7)

10. ID#110: William Lloyd Garrison
Date
Significance- The first face for abolition, William Lloyd Garrison called for emancipation and full citizenship to all. He published The Liberator and with others founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. William Lloyd Garrison was able to gather support from some Northerners starting an abolitionist movement.
Reference- TB: , VT CH12 (Slide#6)

11. ID#111: Frederick Douglass
Date
Significance- Douglass related the realities of bondage to the common man. Douglass’s actions and works as a free man garnered support for the abolitionist movement. Frederick Douglass was an example that if free, blacks could be civilized.
Reference- TB 293, VT CH12 (Slide#7)

12. ID#112: Underground Railroad
Date- Established in the early 1800’s
Significance- A network of secret routes and safe houses leading north, The Underground Railroad helped thousands of slaves escape bondage to freedom. The network showed a way abolitionists helped slaves. The Underground Railroad really added to sectionalism because Southerners were mad at the North for aiding the slaves or not doing much about runaway slaves.
Reference: TB: 266

13. ID#113: Harriett Tubman Date- 1820-1913
Significance- Born into slavery, Harriett Tubman escaped. She would return later to the South to play a key role in the Underground Railroad freeing thousands of slaves. Tubman also served in the Civil War as a nurse. Tubman was nicknamed “Moses” because of her willingness to help free slaves and serve the Union in the Civil War. Tubman’s efforts in the Underground Railroad gained support for the abolitionist movement, and her role in the Civil War showed that even if you are black you could support your country.
Reference- TB:

14. ID#114: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Date- March 20, 1852
Significance- Authored by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin really gathered Northerners to call for the end of slavery. The North really began to view slavery as a terrible institution that needed to be ended. Southerners believed the book wrongly portrayed slavery and that slavery in fact is a just life institution where slaves are taken care of. The book greatly increased sectionalism in America.
Reference- TB: 343

15. #115 James K. Polk
Elected president (Democrat) in 1844 (11th president) beating Clay (Whig) and Birney (Liberty Party).
Ran on an expansionist platform (Oregon and Texas)
Texas annexed soon after he was elected (1845)
Oregon question settled at 49th parallel to avoid conflict with Britain (1846) angering anti-slavery Northerners who wanted 54º 40’, as Polk had promised and campaigned on
During boundary dispute with Mexico, Polk sent Slidell to Mexico City. When Slidell was not received, Polk had Zachary Taylor advance into disputed territory, starting the Mexican-American War (1846 – 1848)
Mexican-American War led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) greatly expanding US territory
Dates:
Born 1795; Died 1849
President: 1845 – 1849
Pages: 315 – 317, 319, 332 – 333
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16. #116 Texas Revolution
Texas desired independence from Mexico because of friction between Texas settlers and the Mexican government over slavery and the requirement for settlers to convert to Roman Catholicism.
Conflict began on October 2, 1835; independence declared March 2,
The Battle of the Alamo was fought from February 26 to March 6, 1836.
Myths about the battle glorified the Texan’s valor
The tale gave the insurrection new inspiration, moral sanction, outside support, and the rallying cry, “Remember the Alamo.”
Santa Anna was captured at San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, essentially ending the war.
Santa Anna was forced to sign treaties recognizing Texas’ independence and territorial claims (which Mexico repudiated)
Texas offered free land grants to American settlers but Texas was not immediately annexed by the US because of fear of war with Mexico
However, independence did pave the way to statehood less than ten years later
The resistance of Texans, to Mexican attempts at abolition is an example of American reliance on slavery and the status of slavery in Texas will be an issue for several years to come
The resistance to joining the Catholic Church shows American desire for religious freedom.
Dates: 1835 – 1836
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17. #117 Wilmot Proviso
The Whig party opposed the Mexican American War in principle
Northerners from both parties charged that the war was actually fought to spread slavery and increase the power of the South
After the War, the failed Wilmot Proviso, proposed by David Wilmot, would have prohibited slavery in territory acquired from Mexico
Northerners supported this
Southerners opposed it
Shows growing tensions between North and South regarding slavery.
Blocked in the Senate after passing in the House
David Wilmot's actions led to the rise of the Free Soil Movement
Dates: 1846
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18. #118 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
By the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican-American War
Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to the US for 15 million dollars
the Rio Grande was established as the border between Texas and Mexico
The US assumed the substantial claims of American citizens against Mexico
Mexican residents of the new territories would become US citizens. The United States gained 500,000 square mile of territory from Mexico, which enlarged the size of the nation by 20 percent
The US gained
California, believed by some to be the true goal in order to obtain good harbors in San Francisco and San Diego
New Mexico and Utah Territories which would become the states of New Mexico; Utah; Arizona; Nevada; and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.
Dates: February 2, 1848
Pages 317, 319
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19. #119 California Gold Rush
The first gold strikes were made along the Sierra Nevada in California in This touched off a mining boom that helped shape the development of the West and set the pattern for subsequent strikes in other regions.
The Native Americans of California succumbed to the contagious diseases carried by whites during the Gold Rush of Miners burned their villages and by 1880, fewer than 20,000 Native Americans were living in California.
Between 1849 and 1880 as many as 500,000 individuals made the journey west.
Cities such as San Francisco, Salt Lake City, and Denver came into being as a result of the migration. Many people moved west to set up business to provide service for the miners. From California, the mining frontier headed east. In the 1860’s and 1870’s important strikes were made in Washington, Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, Montana, Arizona, and Dakota. Mining camps quickly turned into towns.  
By the 1890’s the early mining Bonanza was over but had contributed billions to the economy. These mines helped finance the Civil War and provided needed capital for industrialization. The boost in silver production from the Comstock Lode changed the relative value of gold and silver, the base of American currency. 
The mining frontier populated parts of the west and sped the process of political organization. Nevada, Idaho, and Montana were granted early statehood because of mining.  
The industry left behind invaded Indian reservations, pitted hills, and ghost towns.
Dates: 1849 – early 1890s
Pages: , 428,
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20. #120 Compromise of 1850
When Taylor took office in 1849 he was in favor of immediate admission of California and New Mexico as states without going through territorial status
California applied as a free state and because Mexico had outlawed slavery, the South feared that New Mexico would also apply as a free state
The South organized a convention to air grievances and make demands;the president would not modify his plan
Henry Clay proposed series of resolutions which formed the basis of the Compromise of 1850
He proposed that California be admitted as a free state and that slavery in Utah and New Mexico Territories would not be explicitly prohibited
He would also give the disputed area between Texas and New Mexico to New Mexico and the federal government would assume Texas’ state debt as compensation
He recommended the prohibition of buying and selling of slaves at auction within the District of Columbia and would allow abolition of slavery in the District by a vote of its white inhabitants
He called for more effective fugitive slave laws.
Taylor was opposed to Clay’s compromise and few politicians from either section were willing to go on record as supporting the key concessions to the other section
President Taylor died and Millard Fillmore, who was in favor of the Compromise, came into office
By breaking the bill up into pieces, getting Democrat sponsors of the pieces, and modifying some of the proposals to make them more acceptable to the South, the Compromise passed
Popular sovereignty (see entry) would determine the slave issue in the New Mexico and Utah Territories
The new Fugitive Slave Law (see entry) denied suspected fugitives of jury trial, the right to testify and other rights
This part of the Compromise was extremely unpopular in abolitionist areas.
No single bill in the compromise was backed by majority from either section and few in Congress voted for each piece
However, because concessions were made to both sides of the slave issue, the compromise for a time did serve as a basis for sectional peace
Dates: 1850
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21. #121 Kansas Nebraska Act
In 1854, Stephen Douglas, disregarding the Missouri Compromise of 1820, proposed a bill to allow settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to determine the slavery issue by popular sovereignty
He hoped this would revive the spirit of manifest destiny and give the Democrats a platform for success
The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed and in its final form it repealed the Missouri Compromise
The Bill was extremely divisive and ended sectional harmony because it made a concession to the South without an equivalent concession to the North
The major political parties were split along regional lines over the sectional issue of slavery. Douglas had split the Democratic Party. Those Democrats who broke rank denounced the bill as a gross violation of a sacred pledge
The Act repudiated the Missouri Compromise, which many northerners saw as a binding sectional compact. From then on, northerners would be fighting to regain lost ground, while southerners would be fighting to maintain rights that were already conceded.
The Whig party totally disintegrated as they split along sectional lines. As a result, in the North, anti-Nebraska candidates swept the 1854 Congressional elections while the Democratic Party became the only party in the South
In the North, anti-democratic coalitions evolved into a stronger Free Soil Party called the Republicans. The furor over the Kansas Nebraska act doomed the efforts of the Pierce administration to revive an expansionist foreign policy by acquiring Cuba from Spain because Northerners thought this was a scheme to fulfill the Southern dream of a Caribbean slave empire. 
Dates: 1854
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22. #122 Bleeding Kansas
In Kansas, there was a struggle known as “Bleeding Kansas,” which often became violent, between abolitionists and pro- slavery forces for control of the Territory
In 1857, the pro-slavery territorial legislature in Kansas called an election for delegates to a constitutional convention
Because the free-state advocates refused to participate, the pro-slavery forces controlled the Lecompton convention and drafted a constitution allowing slavery
When a new territorial legislature was elected those in favor of having Kansas be a free-state won control, submitted the Lecompton Constitution to popular vote, and it failed
President Buchanan tried to have Kansas admitted under the Lecompton Constitution but this effort was blocked in Congress
The Lecompton Constitution was put to a vote again and again it was rejected by Kansans
Kansas was admitted as a free state in 1861, after several southern states had already seceded
Dates: – 1861
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23. #123 Dred Scott Decision http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1532.html
John Emerson, of Missouri, owned a slave, Dred Scott. Emerson took Scott to Illinois, a free state, and then to Wisconsin Territory where the Missouri Compromise forbade slavery. Emerson died and his wife, Irene, took Scott back to Missouri.
Scott sued for his freedom on the grounds that Emerson had given up his ownership when he took Scott to a free territory. After a series of lower court rulings against Scott, the case went to the Supreme Court in the form of Scott v Sandford (John Sanford was Irene’s brother)
President-elect James Buchanan urged the Court to render a decision that would settle the slavery issue
The Court’s opinion (written by Chief Justice Roger Taney) was that the Constitution did not give blacks, whether slave or free, the rights of citizenship and that they had no rights other than those who held power might choose to grant them.
He wrote that slaves were property and the Constitution prohibited Congress from taking property without due process of law
Therefore, he said, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories.
For the first time, the Supreme Court had used judicial review to strike down a major piece of legislation
The decision outraged abolitionists, delighted Southerners, invalidated the principal plank of the Republican Party (exclusion of slavery from all federal territories), and relieved moderates who believed the decision would end the slave controversy. It did not
The Republicans used the decision as a rallying cry realizing that they needed to win the presidency and change the composition of the Supreme Court. The decision gave credence to the Republican claim that an aggressive slave power was dominating all branches (President Buchanan, the Legislature, and the Judiciary) of the federal government and was using (twisting) the Constitution to achieve its goals.
Dates: 1857
Pages: 344,
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24. #124 Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln – Douglas Debates (see # 125) in 1858 raised Lincoln’s stature
Elected 16th president (won elections of 1860 (see #126) and 1864)
President of the Union (United States) during Civil War
Declares martial law
Imprisons 10,000 “subversives” without a trial
Briefly closes newspapers
Emancipation proclamation (September 1862) (see #129) made civil war about slavery
Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863)
not popular at time
becomes part of national identity
13th Amendment (January 1865) (see #130 and #135)
prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime
Lincoln, hoping to shorten the war, promoting a lenient reconstruction plan
Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth (April 15, 1865) shortly after Civil War ended.
First president in US history to be assassinated
Dates:
Born: 1809 ; Died: 1865 (Assassinated)
President: 1861 – 1865
Pages: 210, 222, 289, 328, , 360, 367, 370, , , 378, , 418
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25. #125 Lincoln Douglas Debates
In the 1858 Senatorial debates between Lincoln and Douglas, Lincoln argued that “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe that this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.”
Lincoln
Decries “Southern plot” to extend slavery
Promises to work for slavery’s extinction
Casts slavery as a moral problem
Defends white supremacy in response to Douglas
Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring equality
In the short term, Lincoln lost the Senatorial election
In the long-term, the debates raised his stature as a politician and gained him the Republican nomination for president in The debates foreshadowed the problems (slavery) that Lincoln would face as president which ultimately led to the Civil War and the end of slavery.
Dates: 1858
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26. #126 Election of 1860
Won by Abraham Lincoln with a majority of the electoral vote but only a plurality of the popular vote
Lincoln was the Republican nominee and was portrayed as a Northern Moderate
He ran on a platform opposing the spread of slavery
The Democrats were split between Douglas in the North and Breckenridge in the South
Lincoln carried the North and the West but did not get votes in the South where is name was not on the ballots
The South was losing power
After the election the South started to secede with South Carolina seceding before Lincoln even took office
Dates: 1860
Pages:
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27. 127. Homestead Act
What: The Homestead Act was passed in 1862 to help support Western expansion and to populate Western America. This act granted any citizen 160 acres of Western land, as long as they bought it for $10 and pledged to cultivate and live on the land for 5 years. The expansion out West was more difficult than Congress anticipated, as few farmers could afford all the farming gear and it was difficult for them to get used to the semiarid climate of the Western Frontier. However, it created more Western farmers and lead to more acts, such as The Timber and Stone Act, to further populate the West, eventually creating a popular and fruitful region. Additionally, 128 million acres were donated to railroad companies under this act, leading to the vast growth of the railroad industry, while also creating easy transportation into the West to further populate the land.
When: May 20, 1862
Page: 430

28. 128. Copperheads
What: The Copperheads were a group of Northern citizens during the Civil War that advocated peace and fought for limited government, but were driven by racist tendencies and did not see African Americans as worthwhile to fight for. They rioted against the conscription of white northerners to fight for African American freedom, seeing it as unfair and not worth their sacrifice, with more anger arising from the lower classmen as they were forced to fight while the upper and middle class citizens were able to buy substitutes for themselves in battle. The lower classmen rioted and killed many black citizens, as well as burned down many draft offices. The Copperheads were a more covert rebellion style, consisting mainly of propaganda, that fought for limited government instead of a large central government that would force them to fight, but the opposition to emancipation and racism towards African Americans that truly drove this group. They slowly died out as the Union began to win more battles, but they presented a major problem in the North on a basis of morale, and showed the dissent against fighting, and that equality was not a priority of all Northerners.
When:
Page: 377

29. 129. Emancipation Proclamation
What: The Emancipation Proclamation was passed by President Lincoln and it stated that all slaves in areas under Confederate control would be forever free. Additionally, it allowed the enlistment of freed slaves in the Union army. However, it did not stretch to the Union states that still allowed slavery, and the Confederacy still kept a tight hold on their slaves, so truly, no slaves were actually freed. But many slaves ran from their masters in the South to help fight in the Union forces, a great addition to the Union effort that fought passionately for the freedom of the rest of their race. Additionally, it represented that the Union truly had abolition as a war aim and helped destroy the system of slavery, completely eliminating it after the Union won the war. The Emancipation Proclamation acted as a representation of freedom for enslaved African Americans.
When: January 1, 1863
Pages:

30. th Amendment
What: The 13th Amendment was the law that made slavery in America illegal and released all African American slaves in America. This opened doors for African Americans and allowed society to enter into a new era of equality. African Americans, however, were not entirely equal in the eyes of society yet, so they began to fight for more rights and freedoms that would be established in the 14th and 15th Amendments. African Americans would continue to fight racism for more than a century, as the Ku Klux Klan arose in this time to repress the newly-freed, equal African Americans and keep them in the lowest social class, as the Klan felt that was their position. However, it did show the pervading sense of equality in America and the effective results of the Union winning the Civil War. Additionally, its ratification by the Southern states served as their readmission from the Confederacy to the Union.
When:
January 31, 1865-December 6,1865
Pages: 376, 390, 394

31. 131. Jefferson Davis
What: Jefferson Davis, previously known as the Secretary of War for President Franklin Pierce, was inaugurated as the President of the Confederacy on February 18, He was very concerned with keeping a heavy military front while fighting in the Civil War, but he neglected to care for his citizens and created very dissatisfied citizens and a serious morale problem. He also had very little power over the states in the Confederacy, as they believed in states’ rights and did not want to be controlled by one central power, giving Davis little power. Regardless, Davis was the figurehead for the Confederacy and represented the idea of states’ rights and the expansion of slavery all over America and played a heavy opposition to President Abraham Lincoln.
When:
Pages: , 367, 370

32. 132. States’ Rights
What: States’ Rights was a primarily Southern movement that wanted limited government and disagreed with the major central government that controlled their states. States’ Rights acted as a cover for the South’s major intention for secession, the expansion of slavery, but still played a role in the development of the Civil War. The Confederacy wanted a less controlling federal government that left the decisions of each state up to the local and state governments. Many compromises, like the Missouri Compromise, the movement that regulated and ended the expansion of slavery temporarily, tried to find an equal balance between state and federal government, however, the Southern states never saw it as acceptable. It was highly debated in that time and lead to a great deal of rebellion from the national government.
When:
Pages: , , ,

33. 133. Ulysses S. Grant
What: Ulysses S. Grant was a very successful Union general who was assigned the position general in chief in March of He ended the war as the head of the Union army and he and his men officially defeated Robert E. Lee and his men, a highly esteemed Confederate general. Grant was an incredible driving force and strategist for the Union army and played a major role in the victory of the Union. He was elected president in 1868, and was not so successful in this endeavor. He passed the Force Acts to stop the attacks of the Ku Klux Klan against African Americans in the South, but the attacks survived through his attempts. His administration was also riddled with corruption and scandal, such as the hiring of his family member in nepotism, giving him the appearance of negligent to the masses. Additionally, he handled the Panic of 1873 poorly, as powerful businesses began to decline, and the national economy suffered. However, his leading and fighting skills cement him as an American and Union hero.
When:
Page(s): ,

34. 134. Robert E. Lee
What: Robert E. Lee was the powerful Confederate general that only supported the Confederacy due to his citizenship in Virginia. He lead his Confederate men into many battles, such as the famous battle of Gettysburg, and he acted as an inspiration and morale booster for his Confederate effort. He was defeated by Union general Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse and surrendered, generally marking the end of the Civil War.
When:
Page(s): 347, 365, , , 380

35. th Amendment
What: The 13th Amendment was the law that made slavery in America illegal and released all African American slaves in America. This opened doors for African Americans and allowed society to enter into a new era of equality. African Americans, however, were not entirely equal in the eyes of society yet, so they began to fight for more rights and freedoms that would be established in the 14th and 15th Amendments. African Americans would continue to fight racism for more than a century, as the Ku Klux Klan arose in this time to repress the newly-freed, equal African Americans and keep them in the lowest social class, as the Klan felt that was their position. However, it did show the pervading sense of equality in America and the effective results of the Union winning the Civil War. Additionally, its ratification by the Southern states served as their readmission from the Confederacy to the Union.
When:
January 31, 1865-December 6,1865
Pages: 376, 390, 394

36. th Amendment
What: The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in America. This included African Americans, a major step in equality and civil rights for African Americans. However, much like the 13th Amendment, it met objection from the South. Black Codes were passed by the Southern governments in order to further diminish the social and economic level of African Americans. These acts stole social rights from African Americans, such as where they may live and under what conditions, and also did not allow for African Americans to vote, leading to the ratification of the 15th Amendment. African Americans continued to fight for their rights, but the ratification of this Amendment was a great stride for their movement. Additionally, it also served as a readmission necessity for all Southern states hoping to rejoin the Union.
When: July 9, 1868
Page(s): 389,

37. th Amendment
What: The 15th Amendment made it illegal for any government to prohibit an American citizen from voting due to race, color, or previous servitude. This was mainly directed at African American suffrage, as the Southern governments were attempting to steal the voting rights from African Americans by passing grandfather laws or demanding a literacy test in order to vote. This also gave a great response from the Ku Klux Klan, as they began to walk the polls and intimidate and attack African Americans to the point where they were afraid to vote, leading to the Force Acts from Grant to stop the Klan by force. Some women movements saw this as a way to take a stand for women’s suffrage, however, it would be many years until that was later added. This amendment was a major step in the direction of racial equality in America and would lead the way to more civil and social rights for African Americans over the next century.
When: February 3, 1870
Page(s): 394, , 413

38. 138. Sharecropping
What: Sharecropping was a new form of employment mainly used for newly-freed African Americans on a farmer’s land. African Americans and other workers would plant and harvest a landlord’s crop, and return a percentage of the crop to the landlord, receive a small wage from the farmer, and then buy their goods and necessities from the farmer. However, this new process soon became wildly corrupt and would result with landlords raising the prices of their products or demanding a preposterous percentage of the crop, leading to the continued exploitation of African Americans. This process only further repressed African Americans and forced them into a lower social and economic class and became a kind of servitude, reverting African Americans to a state of near- slavery.
When: 1870’s
Page(s):

39. 139. Black Codes TB: pg. 391 Historical Date:
Black Codes were laws passed by Southern States in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War.
Description of Historical Significance:
Immediately after the Civil War ended, Southern states enacted "black codes" that allowed African Americans certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts, but denied them the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, vote, or start a job without the approval of the previous employer. These codes were all repealed in 1866 when Reconstruction began. The laws were designed to replace the social controls of slavery that had been removed by the Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and were thus intended to assure continuance of white supremacy. Simply put, black codes were a way for Southerners during the Reconstruction era to keep African American citizens under the same bondage they were in as slaves. They made it possible for businesses to openly discriminate against African Americans, allowed poll taxes and tests to be placed on a person's voting rights - note that anyone who voted before 1864 was grandfathered in, but obviously no African American voted before that time - and made it illegal for a white woman to marry a black man. They also made it so that black citizens had to buy crops from their former masters, drawing them into a cycle of debt which was inherited by their children - this is where the term "sharecropper" came from; the plantation owners loaned them crops of land at interest rates they could never possibly pay off. These laws evoked political, social, and economic effects such as politically restricting blacks, socially degrading African American culture, and economically crippling them in the job market.
TB: pg. 391

40. 140. Jim Crow Laws TB: pg. 413 Historical Date:
Jim Crow Laws were enacted in the late-20th Century after the Reconstruction period in the United States, and which continued with force until 1965.
Description of Historical Significance:
African Americans bore great hardships imposed by the new order. From 1876 through the fist decade of the twentieth century, southern states imposed a series of restrictions on black civil rights known as Jim Crow laws. While segregation and disenfranchisement began as informal arrangements, they culminated in a legal regime of separations and exclusion that took firm hold in the 1890s. The rise of Jim Crow in the political arena was especially bitter for southern blacks who realized that only political power could ensure other rights. Furthermore, white Democrats now controlled the electoral machinery and were able to manipulate the black vote by stuffing ballot boxes, discarding unwanted votes, or reporting fraudulent totals. Some states also imposed complicated new voting requirements to discourage black participation. The dark night of racism that fell on the South after Reconstruction seemed to unleash all the baser impulses of human nature. Between 1889 and 1890, an average of 187 blacks were lynched every year for alleged offences against white supremacy.
TB: pg. 413

41. 141. Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause
Historical Date:
Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century
Description of Historical Significance:
After the Civil War and Reconstruction, southern states employed a range of tactics to prevent blacks from exercising their right to vote. These tactics caused registration by blacks to drop significantly. Such measures as the poll tax, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses proved especially effective in disfranchising blacks. The poll tax was instituted in seven southern states following Reconstruction. The poll tax was a flat fee required before voting; it was often levied as high as $200 per person. The voting rights of poor blacks were disproportionately discriminated against in this method. Literacy tests were used to help exclude them from the polls. However, whites found that literacy tests also would exclude large numbers of whites from becoming eligible voters since many whites could not read or write either. As a remedy, some jurisdictions adopted a “reasonable interpretation” clause; these laws gave voting registrars discretion to evaluate applicants’ performance on literacy tests. The effect was predictable: most whites passed and most blacks did not. By the beginning of the twentieth century, almost every black had been disfranchised in the South. Grandfather clauses, a peculiarly irksome impediment to achieving voting rights for African Americans, were enacted by seven Southern states between 1895 and These laws provided that those who had enjoyed the right to vote prior to 1866 or 1867 or their lineal descendants would be exempt from educational, property, or tax requirements for voting. Because former slaves had not been granted the right to vote until the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870, these clauses effectively excluded blacks from the vote. The use of Southern tactics to disenfranchise former slaves gave way to the 15th Amendment, an attempt by the federal government to discontinue these prejudice actions. The Fifteenth Amendment makes it illegal for the federal government and the states to use a citizen's race, color, or previous status as a slave as a qualification for voting.
Literacy Test: Political Cartoon
TB: pg. 498

42. 142.Compromise of 1877 Electoral Map of 1876: TB: pg. 409
Historical Date:
1877
Description of Historical Significance:
Immediately after the presidential election of 1876, it became clear that the outcome of the race hinged largely on disputed returns from Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina–the only three states in the South with Reconstruction- era Republican governments still in power. As a bipartisan congressional commission debated over the outcome early in 1877, allies of the Republican Party candidate Rutherford Hayes met in secret with moderate southern Democrats in order to negotiate acceptance of Hayes’ election. The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes’ victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South, thus consolidating Democratic control over the region. As a result of the so- called Compromise of 1877 (or Compromise of 1876), Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina became Democratic once again, effectively marking the end of the Reconstruction era.
Electoral Map of 1876:
TB: pg. 409

43. 143. Radical Republicans TB: pg. 389 Historical Date:
Late 19th Century
Description of Historical Significance:
Congress was unhappy with the Lincoln’s Reconstruction experiments and in 1864 refused to seat the Unionists elected to the House and Senate from Louisiana and Arkansas. A minority of congressional Republicans—the strongly antislavery Radical Republicans—favored protection for black rights (especially black make suffrage) as a precondition for the readmission of southern states. The Radicals, a faction of the regular Republican Party, came into prominence on the national level after They never achieved majority status within Republican ranks, but were successful with manipulating the other factions to their advantage. Radical influence was especially strong in the New England states. They tended to view the Civil War as a crusade against the institution of slavery and supported immediate emancipation. Moreover, Radical Republicans advocated enlistment of black soldiers throughout the war and led the fight for ratification of the 13th Amendment. In 1867 and 1868, the Radicals passed Reconstruction Acts featuring far harsher treatment of the South. The Radicals also played a leading role in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the succeeding trial. Participation in those events tended to weaken the Radicals’ appeal at the polls as the public grew weary of their hard-edged tactics. The Radical Republicans in the early 1870s urged Ulysses Grant to take action against the Ku Klux Klan, and later pressed for labor reforms, which included improved working conditions in factories and the eight- hour day. Therefore, these individuals played a profound role in the Reconstruction of American after the Civil War.
TB: pg. 389

44. 144. Ku Klux Klan TB: pg. 405-407, 410 Historical Date:
Late 19th Century to Present Day
Description of Historical Significance:
From 1868 through the early 1870s the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) functioned as a loosely organized group of political and social terrorists. The Klan's goals included political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern blacks after the Civil War. They were more successful in achieving their political goals than they were with their social goals during the Reconstruction era. Its members waged an underground campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and black Republican leaders. Though Congress passed legislation designed to curb Klan terrorism, the organization saw its primary goal–the reestablishment of white supremacy–fulfilled through Democratic victories in state legislatures across the South in the 1870s.
TB: pg , 410

45. 145. Sand Creek Massacre TB: pg. 422 Historical Date:
November 1864
Description of Historical Significance:
The causes of the Sand Creek massacre were rooted in the long conflict for control of the Great Plains of eastern Colorado. In what can only be considered an act of treachery, Chivington moved his troops to the plains, and on November 29, they attacked the unsuspecting Native Americans, scattering men, women, and children and hunting them down. The casualties reflect the one-sided nature of the fight. Nine of Chivington's men were killed; 148 of Black Kettle's followers were slaughtered, more than half of them women and children. The Colorado volunteers returned and killed the wounded, mutilated the bodies, and set fire to the village. The atrocities committed by the soldiers were initially praised, but then condemned as the circumstances of the massacre emerged. Chivington resigned from the military and aborted his budding political career. Black Kettle survived and continued his peace efforts. In 1865, his followers accepted a new reservation in Indian Territory.
TB: pg. 422

46. 146. Battle of Little Big Horn
Historical Date:
1876
Description of Historical Significance:
The effects and significance of the Battle of Bighorn in history is that the Battle of the Little Bighorn was the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars. The nomadic hunter lifestyle of the Plains Indians was lost forever. The languages, culture, religion, beliefs and ceremonies of conquered people fell into decline. The news in the East of the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn shocked people who were accustomed to battlefield victories and convinced of their inherent superiority and claim to manifest destiny. The US Government expanded the Army in the region by 2,500 men following the Defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn. The Battle of Little Bighorn led to increased intolerance of the Native Indians and a determination to place them on a reservation in order to 'civilize' them. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was also the most successful action fought by the American Indians against the United States Army in the West. It was part of the Campaign of 1876, an effort by the United States Government to force the Sioux tribes onto their Reservations.
TB: pg

47. 147. Dawes Act TB: pg. 425 Historical Date:
1887
Description of Historical Significance:
Legislation passed by Congress in 1887 that aimed at breaking up traditional Indian life by promoting individual land ownership and assimilation. It divided tribal lands into small plots that were distributed among members of each tribe. Provisions were made for Indian education and eventually citizenship. The law led to corruption, exploitation, and the weakening of Native American tribal culture. The Dawes Act of 1887 was a misguided attempt to reform the government's Native American policy. It's goal was to assimilate Native Americans into the mainstream of American life and eliminate tribal ownership. The Dawes Act significantly undermined Indian tribal life, but did little to further their acceptance into the broader society. In addition, the law severely reduced Indian holdings; after all individual allocations had been made, the extensive lands remaining were declared surplus and opened for sale to non-Indians. In 1887, the tribes had owned about 138 million acres; by 1900 the total acreage in Indian hands had fallen to 78 million. This policy was not reversed until 1934, when the Indian Reorganization Act asserted the importance of perpetuating Indian cultural institutions and permitted surplus lands to be returned to tribal ownership. The result of this was almost complete destruction of Native culture and identity.
TB: pg. 425

48. 148. Gospel of Wealth TB: pg. N/A Historical Date:
1889
Description of Historical Significance:
The Gospel of Wealth, Andrew Carnegie’s most famous essay, was written in 1889 and describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The central thesis of Carnegie's essay is that the wealthy entrepreneur must assume the responsibility of distributing his fortune in a manner that assures that it will be put to good use, and not wasted on frivolous expenditure. The very existence of poverty in a capitalistic society, Carnegie believed, could be greatly alleviated by wealthy philanthropic businessmen and women. The Gospel of Wealth is an eloquent testament to the importance of charitable giving for the public good. The novel expresses Carnegie’s vision of economics as in Social Darwinism.
TB: pg. N/A

49. 149. John D. Rockefeller TB: pg. 453-454, 458,483 Historical Date:
Description of Historical Significance:
John D. Rockefeller, founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world’s wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio, refinery. In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90 percent of U.S. refineries and pipelines. Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices, such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroads to eliminate his competitors, in order to gain a monopoly in the industry. In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court found Standard Oil in violation of anti-trust laws and ordered it to dissolve. During his life Rockefeller donated more than $500 million to various philanthropic causes.
TB: pg , 458,483

50. 150. Andrew Carnegie TB: pg. 452, 461, 464-465 Historical Date:
Description of Historical Significance:
Scottish-born Andrew Carnegie ( ) was an American industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist. Carnegie worked in a Pittsburgh cotton factory as a boy before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in While working for the railroad, he invested in various ventures, including iron and oil companies, and made his first fortune by the time he was in his early 30s. In the early 1870s, he entered the steel business, and over the next two decades became a dominant force in the industry. In 1901, he sold the Carnegie Steel Company to banker John Pierpont Morgan for $480 million. Carnegie then devoted himself to philanthropy, eventually giving away more than $350 million. Congress was unhappy with the Lincoln’s Reconstruction
TB: pg. 452, 461,

51. 151. J.P. Morgan TB: pg. 450, 452, 455, 509, 538 Historical Date:
Description of Historical Significance:
One of the most powerful bankers of his era, J.P. Morgan financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations. The Connecticut native followed his wealthy father into the banking business in the late 1850s, and in 1871 formed a partnership with Philadelphia banker Anthony Drexel. In 1895, their firm was reorganized as J.P. Morgan & Company, a predecessor of the modern-day financial giant JPMorgan Chase. Morgan used his influence to help stabilize American financial markets during several economic crises, including the panic of However, he faced criticism that he had too much power and was accused of manipulating the nation’s financial system for his own gain. The Gilded Age titan spent a significant portion of his wealth amassing a vast art collection.
TB: pg. 450, 452, 455, 509, 538

52. 152. Social Darwinism TB: pg. 485-488 Historical Date:
Late 19th Century
Description of Historical Significance:
The concept of Social Darwinism originated within the writings of English social philosopher, Herbert Spencer. In several influential books, Spencer took the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin and applied Darwinian principles of natural selection to society, combining biology and sociology in a theory of “social selection" that tried to explain human progress. Like animals society evolved, slowly by adapting to the environment. The “survival of the fittest”—a term that Spencer, not Darwin, invented—preserved the strong and weeded out the week. This theory played a significant role within Carnegie’s
TB: pg