1. HIV/AIDS IN AFRICA- "The Orphaned Continent"
By Nehaa Bima &
Matthew To
Pd.7

2. What is HIV/AIDS?
What It Stands For- human immunodeficiency virus + left untreated- AIDS/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Attacks immune system- CD4 Cells
Effects- Body can't fight of infections(leads to cancer) or disease
Caused By- transmit HIV through sexual behaviors and needle or syringe use or mother to child

3. Effects of HIV/AIDS: Economy
Economic research helps to estimate the effects of HIV/AIDS on the African economy and the cost effectiveness of prevention and treatment programs.
HIV/AIDS REDUCES LABOR SUPPLY and productivity, reduces exports, and increases imports
REDUCED AVERAGE ECONOMIC GROWTH rates by 2-4% a year across Africa
Prevention and treatment programmes and economic measures limit the economic effects of HIV/AIDS
South Africa will spend $2.2bn (£1.4bn) over two years on life-saving HIV/Aids drugs for public hospitals.

4. POLITICAL RESPONSE TO HIV/AIDS
Avoidance vs. Commitment
African political leaders slow to recognize the epidemic and to formulate a national resolve to use all available resources to address the emergency = POLITICAL SILENCE
African governments, pressed with many immediate problems- an epidemic whose consequences lay in the FUTURE
How could countries such as Burundi or Congo be expected an effective response to HIV/AIDS in the face of civil war- 1999
Political and economic environment inadequate
President Thabo Mbeki- Debate- Is AIDS caused by HIV?
-blocked use of antiretroviral to prevent mother-to- child transmission
Accepted a prominent role for NGOs in HIV/AIDS programs.

5. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EFFECTS
HOW DOES TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS HAVE IMPACT ON HIV/AIDS?
large differences in age at marriage-men and women
long period of postpartum abstinence = extramarital relations- spread of sexually transmitted diseases
Reactions- changes in sexual behavior, marriage customs, and childbearing
Population- reduction in population growth as a result of AIDS-related mortality- Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland
Age Distortion-S.Africa-percentage of the adult population DECREASING , yet the percentage of the elderly population is INCREASING
(decreasing fertility rates +low life expectancy among HIV/AIDS kids and adults
60% female- gender imbalance = males aged 15–44 years will likely outnumber their female counterparts

6. PREVENTION PROGRAMS "Abstinence, Be faithful, Use a Condom"
HIV prevention programs- interventions that aim to halt the transmission of HIV through Individual+Community/Health Policies.
Behavioral Interventions:
Reduce Risk of Transmission- Address Risky Behavior
Reduce sexual partners
Improve treatment of people living with HIV
Increase use of clean needles- Inject drugs
Increase consistent + correct use of condoms
Combination prevention programmes: "know your epidemic, know your response" approach is the starting point for combination prevention
Participation of government officials, cultural leaders, civil society organizations, donors, and most importantly, individuals and communities affected by HIV and AIDS.

7. STEPS OF PREVENTIONS- HOW IS THE PANDEMIC CONTROLLED
In sub-Saharan Africa alone, 3 million new infections occur annually.
Attempt to stop spread- Pre-exposure prophylaxis/ PrEP. A.K.A.Antiretroviral Drugs- Don't have virus but at risk- 10 million users
South Africa(Johannesburg)- Significant drop and decline of HIV Cases-
Stigma around HIV/AIDS- Preventing early testing(Sexual Preference)
Gov. launched HIV counselling and testing campaigns in public health facilities- less than 2 years-20 million people tested.
Pregnancy Transmission- From 8.5%(2005)- 2.7%

8. PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION
MTCT- Transmission of HIV from HIV positive woman during pregnancy, labour, childbirth/breastfeeding
Risk of Infection-90%
Without Treatment- 15 to 45%.
With Antiretroviral Treatments- Below 5%
World Health Organization (WHO) PMTC Programmes:
preventing new HIV infections among women of childbearing age
preventing unintended pregnancies among women living with HIV
preventing HIV transmission from a woman living with HIV to her baby
providing appropriate treatment, care and support to mothers living with HIV and their children and families

9. The World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) - HARM REDUCTION as an approach to HIV prevention+treatment

10. Needle and syringe programs: provide clean needles and syringes to people who inject drugs. -WHO recommends providing 200 sterile needles and syringes.

11. Current Status Africa has 24.7 million people living with HIV
14,000 people are infected daily
21.9% of Botswana has HIV
27.4% of Swaziland has HIV
HIV mostly effects young women between the ages of 15-24
This age group holds 40% of HIV infections among woman

12. Swaziland Has highest HIV prevalence in the world
27% of population living with HIV
Sex is the mode of transmission for 94% of infections
Reasons
Unprotected sex
Gender inequality
Polygamy

13. Continued Spread Gender inequality continues
The amount of teenage marriages have increased
Poverty is widespread
Although countries have lowered there HIV rate in recent years
10% in Swaziland in newly born infants from
Botswana's rates have decreased from 25.4% in 2005 to 21.9% in 2013

14. A REPEAT OF THE STATISTICS
BREAKING THE SILENCE-
A REPEAT OF THE STATISTICS