1. Unit 6 Ch.17

2. Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Western Plateau

3. Gold discovered in California in 1848 by 1849 people from Asia, South America, and Europe began arriving Gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, South Dakota Boomtowns Grew almost overnight and disappeared as soon as the gold and silver did Virginia City, NV San Francisco, Sacramento, Denver became commercial centers

6. Vaqueros and Cowboys American settlers learned from Mexicans how to round up, rope, brand, and care for their animals Texas longhorns Cowboy’s clothes, food, and vocabulary were influenced by Mexican vaqueros Demand for Beef Grew after Civil War as cities grew Chicago Union Stock Yards Cow Towns Towns with shipping yards for cattle Abilene, KS let Illinois cattle dealer Joseph McCoy survey the Chisholm Trail to San Antonio

12. Overgrazing of land Extended bad weather 1883-1887; dry summers and harsh winters wiped out whole herds Barbed wire Invented by Joseph Glidden to help farmers fence in their lands Open plains turned into fenced-in ranches

13. Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres of free land to any citizen or intended citizen Only 10% was settled by families for whom it was intended Problems and Solutions Dugouts and Soddies Homes dug into the sides of ravines or hills homes made of blocks of prairie turf 2/3 of homesteaders failed Dry farming Russian wheat irrigation Technical Support John Deere-steel plow (1837) Cyrus McCormick-reaper (1847) Grain drill, barbed wire, corn binder, steel windmills

16. Frontier declared settled in 1890 Essay “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” Argued the frontier helped to shape American character Promoted independence and individualism Once the frontier was gone America would follow the patterns of class division and social conflict of Europe

17. Nomadic tribes like the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche relied on the horse and buffalo Buffalo hides were used for tepees, clothing, shoes and blankets Buffalo meat was a staple food

19. Great Plains Indian Territories

20. Reservation Policy Negotiations at Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson resulted in the federal government assigning tracts of land to individual tribes Indian Wars Massacre at Sand Creek 150 Cheyenne were killed, mostly women and children Red River War (1874-1875) Kiowa and Comanche attacked for 6 yrs prior U.S. Army herds all friendlies onto reservations and opens fire on the rest Army crushed resistance on the southern plains

21. Indian Wars Battle of Little Big Horn Indians led by Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting Bull Custer and entire Seventh Calvary were dead within an hour By late 1876 the Sioux would be defeated. Assimilation Proposed as a way to integrate Indians into society Boarding schools were set up to teach Indian children American culture, farming, and industrial skills

22. Dawes Severalty Act Broke up reservations and gave land (80 or 160 acres)to individuals Remaining land would be sold to settlers Money would go to Natives Ghost Dance Movement Religious movement against U.S. domination Sitting Bull was killed during his arrest Wounded Knee Dec, 28, 1890- Seventh Cavalry rounded up Sioux and took them to a camp in South Dakota 300 Sioux, mostly unarmed were killed This brought the Indian wars to an end

26. Economic Progress Steel, lumber, and tobacco industries grew in the South The South became the lead producer of textiles Southern railroads converted to standard gauge Continued Poverty Late start in industrialization Poorly educated work force Remained largely agricultural Industries mostly owned by Northerners Agriculture Overproduction of cotton led to falling prices George Washington Carver promoted diversification by growing peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans

27. Supreme court Civil Rights Cases of 1883 ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment Established the doctrine of “separate but equal” Jim Crow Laws Segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities

29. Voting Restrictions All southern states imposed voting restrictions Literacy tests, poll taxes The grandfather clause allowed poor and illiterate whites to still vote Racial Etiquette Customs that dictated racial relations Violence those who did not follow racial etiquette faced punishment or death Lynching (illegal execution without trial) was the most common among black violators

30. Bishop Henry Turner formed the International Migration Society Ida B. Wells edited Free Speech and spoke out against lynching and Jim Crow laws Booker T. Washington established the Tuskegee Institute and organized the National Negro Business League W.E.B. Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement and demanded an immediate end to segregation

32. Changes in farming Northern farmers relied on cash crops and expensive machinery Falling prices Increased production, global competition, and a static money supply led to falling prices Farmers grew more to pay off debts, which caused further price drops Rising costs Railroads, warehouses, middle men, plus high taxes on property and land contributed to farmers’ debt and anger

33. National Grange Movement 1867- Oliver Hudson Kelley social outlet and educational forum for isolated farm families Interstate Commerce Act Established the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities Interstate Commerce Commission Farmers’ alliances Sent members to towns to educate farmers on low interest loans and government control over railroads and banks Ocala Platform (National Alliance) Direct election of senators, lower tariffs, graduated income tax, new, federally regulated, banking system, increase $ supply