1. The Digestive System
Lecture 3

2. 4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

3. The organs that compose the digestive system digest, absorb and process nutrients taken in as food.
Materials not absorbed into the lining of the intestine form the feces and leave the body through the anus.
Our study of the digestive system begins at the point where food leaves the mouth and enters the esophagus.
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

4. Word Root Esophag Combining forms
From a Greek word oisophagos, meaning esophagus or gullet.
Combining forms
esophag/o
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

5. -stomy -tomy The difference between: -stomy and -tomy
This means a mouth or opening.
Usually a stoma is formed by surgery, e.g. a colostomy is an opening or the formation of an opening into the colon.
A stoma can be temporary or permanent.
-tomy
Means an incision as at the beginning of an operation.
laparotomy, an incision into the abdomen
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

6. Word Exercise 1 Find the meaning of: esophago/scope…………………….
Remember that, to understand the meaning of these medical terms, we read the components from the suffix towards the beginning of the word.
esophag/ectomy ………………
esophago/tomy ………………..
esophag/itis ……………………..
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

7. Word Root Gastr Combining forms
(From a Greek word gaster, meaning stomach.)
Combining forms
Gastr/o
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

8. Word Exercise 2 write the meaning of: gastro/scope …………….
gastr/ectomy ……………..
gastro/tomy ………………
gastr/itis …………………..
(a) Instrument to view the stomach
(b) Removal of part or all of stomach
(c) Incision into stomach
(d) Inflammation of the stomach, especially the lining
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

9. Word Exercise 2 disease of the stomach ………………
Build words that mean:
disease of the stomach ………………
study of the stomach ………………..
pertaining to upon/above the stomach …………………..
Remember, when building words the combining vowel is usually dropped if the suffix begins with a vowel.
epi-: above, upon
(e) Gastropathy
(f) Gastrology
(g) Epigastric
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

10. Nasogastric tube
A naso gastric tube (nas/o meaning nose) that passes through the nose to the stomach can be used for suction, irrigation or feeding.
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

11. Word Root Enter Combining forms
From a Greek word enteron, meaning intestine or gut.
Combining forms
Enter/o
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

12. Word Exercise 3 build words that mean: write the meaning of:
enter/itis ……………
entero/pathy …………..
entero/tomy ……………
entero/stomy ………………..
entero/lith …………………
build words that mean:
study of the intestine ………………….
a person who studies the intestines …………………….
-lith: stone, calculus
(a) Inflammation of the intestines
(b) Disease of the intestines
(c) Incision into the intestine
(d) Opening into the intestine (often to connect to
stomach, ileum, jejunum or abdominal wall)
(e) Intestinal stone (compacted material in intestine)
(f) Enterology
(g) Enterologist
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

13. Word Root Pylor Combining forms
From a Greek word pylouros, meaning gate-keeper.
Combining forms
Pylor/o
Between the stomach and the small intestine there is a sphincter muscle known as the pylorus.
This acts as a valve which opens periodically to allow digested food to leave the stomach.
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

14. Word Exercise 4 write the meaning of: pyloro/gastr/ectomy …………………
pyloro/scopy …………………
(a) Removal of stomach and pylorus
(b) Technique of viewing pylorus (with an
endoscope)
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

15. The Small Intestine The small intestine which consists of three parts,
duodenum,
concerned mainly with digestion of food
jejunum
and ileum.
jejunum and ileum are specially adapted for the absorption of nutrients.
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

16. Word Roots Duoden Combining forms Jejun
From a Latin word duodeni, meaning twelve. It refers to the duodenum
Combining forms
Duoden/o
Jejun
From a Latin word jejunus, meaning empty. It refers to the jejunum, part of the
Jejun/o
-um: thing/structure/noun ending/a name
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

17. Word Roots ile Combining forms From a Latin word ilia, ile/o 4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

18. ILEOSTOMY
A permanent opening is made when the whole of the large intestine has been removed.
This acts as an artificial anus.
The ileum opens directly on to the abdominal wall and the liquid discharge from it is collected in a plastic ileostomy bag
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

19. Without using your Exercise Guide, write the meaning of:
(a) duodeno/entero/stomy
(b) jejuno/jejuno/stomy
Using your Exercise Guide, find the meaning of: (c) duodeno/jejun/al
Without using your Exercise Guide, build words that mean:
(d) formation of an opening into the ileum
(e) inflammation of the ileum
(Exception - two vowels together.)
(a) Formation of an opening (anastomosis) between
the intestine and duodenum
(b) Formation of an opening (anastomosis) between
one part of the jejunum and another part of the
jejunum
(c) Pertaining to the jejunum and duodenum
(d) Ileostomy
(e) Ileitis
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

20. The Large Intestine
The large intestine has a wider diameter than the small intestine and it is shorter.
Its main function is to absorb water from the materials that remain after digestion and eject them from the body as feces during defecation.
The large intestine is made up of the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus.
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

21. Word Roots Cec Combining forms Append
From a Latin word caecus meaning Blind.
Combining forms
Cec/o
Append
From a Latin word appendix, meaning appendage
Append/o
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

22. Col
From a Greek word kolon, meaning colon, the large bowel extending from caecum to rectum.)
Combining forms
Col/o, colon/o
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

23. Word Exercise 6 Find the meaning of: mega/colon …………..
appendic/itis ………………..
col/ectomy …………………
colo/stomy ……………………
(a) Large colon
(b) Inflammation of the appendix
(c) Removal of the colon
(d) Opening into the colon (usually a connection
between the colon and the abdominal wall; it acts
as an artificial anus)
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

24. formation of an opening into the cecum ……………….
build words that mean:
formation of an opening into the cecum ……………….
removal of the appendix ………………
formation of an opening between the stomach and colon …………………..
(e) Caecostomy (Am. cecostomy)
(f) Appendicectomy (Am. appendectomy)
(g) Gastrocolostomy
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

25. Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
Miss B, a 35-year-old, presented to her general practitioner complaining of pain emanating from the epigastric and right hypochondrial regions radiating to the back.
The pain lasted for about 3 hours following each meal and was accompanied by nausea and occasional vomiting.
Her GP's initial diagnosis was biliary colic, and he prescribed an analgesic drug.
The pain did not resolve and she was admitted to the gastroenterology unit.
Initial ultrasound investigations revealed multiple stones in the gall bladder and a dilated common bile duct.
Emanating = ينبعث, -iasis: abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

26. A date was set for early elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Due to her excessive weight, laparoscopy was deemed inappropriate by the surgeon and she was advised of an alternative procedure.
An open cholecystectomy was performed and the inflamed gall bladder found to contain three gallstones each approximately 1.5cm in diameter.
A bile sample was sent for culture and sensitivity testing and a nasogastric tube passed.
lapar/o: abdomen, cyst/o: bladder, chol/e: bile, gall
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Dr Atef Masad

27. 4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad

28. Word Help analgesic pain relieving drug
culture and sensitivity testing growing microorganisms in the laboratory and testing them for sensitivity to antibiotics
dietician/dietitian specialist who plans and advises on diet with the approval of medical staff
elective voluntary/not an emergency/at a planned date
GP general practitioner (family doctor)
hypochondrial the region to the side, just below the ribs
intravenous pertaining to within a vein
open surgery via an incision (here into the abdomen)
peri-operative around the time of operation
post-operative pertaining to after/following operation
subcutaneous pertaining to under the skin
ultrasound using sound waves to produce an image
4/27/2017
Dr Atef Masad