1. Problems in Prenatal and Birth Defects

2. 18. How often do miscarriages occur? About 20% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage 19.How frequent are birth defects? About 1 out of every 100 children born have a birth defect.

3. 20.List 2 types of birth defects 1) some birth defects affect the shape or size of the body or of certain parts of the body 2) a part or system of the body does not function properly 21.Are all apparent at birth? no, some don’t cause problems for months or years

4. 22. List 4 main causes of birth defects. 1) environmental causes 2) hereditary causes 3) errors in the chromosomes 4) interaction of heredity and environment

5. 23.What is genetic counseling? This is advice from a doctor about a couple’s risk and options if they are concerned about the chances of having a baby with a defect. 24.What is the March of Dimes? March of Dimes is an organization that researches the causes and prevention of birth defects.

6. Prenatal Tests 25. Ultrasound-------uses sound waves to make a video image of an unborn baby to check for specific health problems 26.Amniocentesis--------process of withdrawing a sample of amniotic fluid surrounding an unborn baby and testing the fluid 27.Chorionic villa sampling-----test done that tests small amounts of the tissue from the membrane that encases the fetus

7. 28. What is the problem with alcohol? It is a drug and can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, sometimes called FAS. Causes physical and mental problems 29.Also avoid: medicine- doctor prescribed and over the counter caffeine nicotine illegal drugs inhalants

8. 30.What should a pregnant woman do concerning x-rays? X-rays are radition and can cause birth defects Should she tell her dentist or doctor? YES!!!!---make him aware that you are pregnant

9. 31. How did rubella affect babies? deafness, blindness, heart disease, or mental retardation 32.Can std’s affect an unborn baby? How? yes, they can do great harm to unborn babies It can result in serious illness, deformity, or even death

10. 33.What can gonorrhea germs do to a newborn’s eyes? What precautions are taken? Can cause blindness………..all newborns eyes are treated with eye drops that kill gonorrhea germs.