1. Part 2

2.   Immigration to the United States increased between 1840 and 1860.  1.5 million Irish immigrants arrived in the United States, mainly in the Northeast. Immigration

3.   Many Irish immigrants came to the United States to escape the potato famine in Ireland.  Famine : widespread starvation.  While many of these Irish immigrants were farmers, they could not afford land.  Many were forced to accept low paying jobs in northern factories. Immigration

4.   Many people in the United States opposed immigration.  Nativists : white, American born protestants who opposed immigration.  Nativists were angry that many immigrants would work for a lower wage, thus taking jobs in cities.  Many nativists accused immigrants of bringing crime and disease to American cities. Conflict

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6.   Although slavery was abolished in Northern states by the early 1800’s, African Americans faced discrimination in the North.  African American found it difficult to get jobs in factories or skilled trades.  In addition, segregation (separation by race) existed in nearly every aspect of Northern public life. Discrimination

7.   In the late 1700’s slavery was on the decline in the south.  But Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention singlehandedly saves the institution of slavery.  As the need for cotton increased so did the need for slave labor. Rise in Agriculture

8.   The Deep South (Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana) primarily grew cotton.  “King Cotton” led to development of huge, sprawling plantations. Slavery

9.   Southerners believed slavery was needed for the southern economy to thrive.  Plantation owners considered the number of slaves they owned as part of their wealth. Slavery

10.   In 1831 a slave named Nat Turner led a revolt in Virginia killing 55 whites.  This revolt led to the creation of various slave codes.  Slave Codes : laws that controlled every aspect of a slaves life. Slavery

11.  Examples of slave codes include: 1.Slaves could not be taught how to read or write. 2.Slaves could not leave the plantation without the owner’s permission. 3.Slaves could not assemble without a white person present. 4.Slave owners could abolish marriages between slaves and separate families. 5.Slaves could be punished by lashing. Slavery

12.   Slaves actually had a variety of jobs on the plantations.  Some slaves worked in the house cooking and cleaning.  Other African Americans were trained blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers and weavers.  Most enslaved African Americans, however, were field hands supervised by an overseer. Slavery

13.   The more cotton the south grew the more southern planters depended on slave labor.  With the United States expanding West, would slavery expand as well? Slavery

14.   The United States had a need for good roads to make travel easier and more efficient.  Private companies began constructing turnpikes, or toll roads.  Travelers would pay a fee which was used to help pay for the construction of the roads. Moving West

15.   The alternative to traveling by land was by river.  Traveling by river had two major problems: 1.Most rivers in the eastern United States flowed north to south, unfortunately, many people wanted to travel east to west. 2.Traveling against the current was extremely difficult. Moving West

16.   Canal : a man made waterway  The Erie Canal would link New York City to the Great Lakes. Moving West

17.   The most serious issue that plagued the U.S. during the first half of the 1800’s was the expansion of slavery.  In 1819 the United States had 11 free states and 11 slave states.  In 1820, Missouri wanted to become a state which caused huge debate. Slavery Expands West

18.   In 1820, the South wanted Missouri admitted into the Union as a slave state.  Northerners wanted Missouri to be a free state.  Henry Clay helped work out a compromise between this North and South debate.  This plan became known as The Missouri Compromise. Compromise

19.   The Missouri Compromise: 1.Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine would be a free state. 2.The agreement banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory (north of the 36 30’ parallel). Compromise

20.  The Missouri Compromise

21.   By 1804, Northern states had ended slavery within their borders.  Many people searched for the end of the institution of slavery. Abolition Movement

22.   William Lloyd Garrison  Quaker  Wrote the abolitionist newspaper “Liberator”  Favored full political rights for African Americans

23.   Frederick Douglass  Escapes slavery by running away to the north  Outspoken against slavery  Dangerous  Becomes one of the most famous orators of all time.

24.   Harriet Tubman  Former slave  Conductor on the Underground Railroad  Helps over 300 people escape slavery  “Black Moses”  $40,000 reward for her capture

25.   A network of safe houses for escaped slaves. Underground Railroad