1. Russia

2. Culture

4. European Russia

5. Ural Mountains/Volga River

6. Climate
Russian Federation is a very big country, that’s why the climate differs: there is an cold subarctic climate in the north Siberia and there is a subtropical hot climate near the Black Sea. The northern part of Russian Federation has a moderate continental climate (temperatures range and drier seasons), which is the best for people live. In the Siberia, the lowest temperature recorded was -90⁰ in (Lowest ever Antarctica -129⁰ in 1983)
Area is Taiga (a moist subarctic forest with conifers).

7. Facts:
Size:6,601,642 mi²
Special Landforms/waters: Ural Mountains, Siberia, Volga River
Arable land: 7%
Population: 142,517,670
Birth Rate: 12 Death Rate: 14 (why?)
Life Expectancy: Total: 67
Males: 60, Females: 73 (why?)

8. Facts: Nationality: Russian
Ethnic Groups: Russian 80%, Slavs account for about 75% of the total population.
Religion: Christian: Catholic 20% (Russian Orthodox), Muslim 15 %, 65% Non practicing (why?)
Language: Russian (slavic) speaking Russian
Literacy Rate: 99% Males and Females equal
Government Type: Presidential Democracy: led by a Premier

9. Premier Vladimir Putin

10. Economy: Economy: Per capita Income: $17,700 13% below poverty level
Natural Resources: Petroleum, natural gas, coal, timber, fish, hydroelectric, metals
Mixed Economy:
Agriculture: 10%, Industry: 28%, Service: 62%
Agriculture products: grains, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, fruit, beef, dairy
Industry: steel and aluminum. Military equipment (Heavy industry)
Money: ruble (31/$1)

11. Movement and Human/Environment Interaction:
73% urban
acid rain
water pollution

12. Chernobyl
In the early morning hours of April 26,1986, a testing error caused an explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in northern Ukraine. During a radioactive fire that burned for 10 days, 190 tons of toxic materials were expelled into the atmosphere. The wind blew 70% of the radioactive material into the neighboring country of Belarus.
Chernobyl accident is equivalent to 500 nuclear bombs used in Hiroshima in 1945.

13. Chernobyl Tribute to Chernobyl disaster - Sleeping Sun
Victims of Chernobyl disaster

14. Chernobyl
An estimated 17 million people were contaminated to some degree.
143,000 people have been evacuated from contaminated areas of Ukraine
600,000 people took part in the cleaning up of the disaster, 100,000 of which already died or are now handicapped
At the time of the accident, about 7 million people lived in contaminated territories, including 3 million children.
About 5.5 million people – including more than a million children – continue to live in contaminated zones.

15. Effects on Health
Thyroid Cancer: Thyroid cancer in children has increased since the disaster. The World Health Organization predicts that, in this region, 50,000 children will develop the disease during their lifetime. Throughout Belarus, the incidence of this rare disease in 1990 was 30 times higher than in the years before the accident.
Leukemia: In Belarus, incidence of leukemia has increased 50% in children and adults.
Other Diseases in Children: In addition to thyroid cancer and leukemia, UNICEF reports that between 1990 and 1994, nervous system disorders increased by 43%; cardiovascular diseases by 43%; bone and muscle disorders by 62%; and diabetes by 28%.
Birth Defects: Maternal exposure to radiation can cause severe organ and brain damage in an unborn child.
Genetic Mutations: Hereditary defects in Belarusian newborns increased in the years after the disaster.
Cardiac Abnormalities: Heart disease in Belarus has quadrupled since the accident.

16. Effects on the Environment and Food
Large families in rural areas – people who farm and collect their food – continue to receive large doses of radiation from the food supply.
Soil: Twenty-one percent of prime Belarusian farmland remains contaminated.
Groundwater: Radiation concentrated in sediments at the bottoms of lakes and ponds – the population continues to contaminate itself by fishing there.
Air: The air outside is generally safe.
Food: The food and water supply is continuously contaminated by rainfall and by the movement of radioactive dust. Mushrooms are severely contaminated in half the country but still collected and eaten.
Livestock such as cattle and goats accumulate radioactivity in their meat and milk.

17. Economic and Social Impact
Economic Impact
Belarus was once a thriving agricultural community, as part of the “breadbasket” of the former Soviet Union. The economic damages to Belarus after the accident over 30 years (1986 – 2015) will be $235 billion, or over 32 annual national budget
The Belarusian economy has suffered loss of agricultural land, mineral resources, and production.
Belarus currently spends 20% of its national budget dealing with the Chernobyl aftermath while Ukraine devotes 4% of its budget.
Social Impact
Loss of a Culture: After the Chernobyl accident, almost 400,000 were forced to leave their homes for their own safety – homes and villages that had been part of their families for generations. Over 2,000 towns and villages were bulldozed the ground, and hundreds more stand eerily silent.

18. Other Facts:
2011 Russia #1 in producing oil, #2 producing natural gas, #1 exporting steel and aluminum
The largest country in the world, Russia makes up 1/7th of the world’s land and has 8 time zones. This large area allows it to border more countries than any other country on earth (14).
Moscow has 11 million citizens.

19. History 800 AD a group of Vikings called Rus came into the area
Ivan’s IV father died when he was 3, mother when he was 8. Because of his age, the aristocracy (rich) took over. He was abused, so he took out his anger on animals. He tore feathers off birds, pierced their eyes and slit open their bodies.
1543 (age 13), he called the “leaders” into a meeting where he had one of them thrown into a pack of hungry hunting dogs. They gave him the power.
1547 (age 17) he took title tsar (czar) means emperor. He expanded the Russian borders through the use of his army.
Ivan earned the nickname “Ivan the Terrible” because he murdered hundreds of landowners, church leaders and his own soldiers who (he felt) opposed him.
In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son's death.

20. History Continued
1689 Peter the Great “modernized” (schools, the arts, ship building, city layouts, etc) Russia and advanced trade with other countries. He moved the capital from Moscow to the new city he named St. Petersburg. He was nearly 7 feet tall and very broad. He was massively powerful, "loud-mouthed, violent, and ruthless". (1918 Moscow became capital again.)
He formed a small army out of his servants and used them in live ammunition firing war games. He convicted his oldest son of treason and executed him.
1762 Catherine the Great, born a German (Prussian), and married Peter the III. He was clueless and she was smarter. She planned and carried out a plot to overthrow and kill her husband. She became ruler. She was a skilled diplomat and very educated. She expanded the lands and the cultures of the Russian people.

21. History Continued
During the summer of 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 500,000 soldiers (at the time the largest army in history). Russia defeated him by fighting –retreating, fighting, retreating -destroying the towns and the lands. They continued to retreat further into Russia. Napoleon’s men were stretched beyond their limits (supplies, food, etc). The French army was reduced by 2/3 by fatigue, hunger, desertion, and death. As the winter approached, Napoleon was trying to take Moscow. The Russians fought but then decided to leave the city, taking the supplies with them and burning many of the buildings down so that the French Army would feel they fought for nothing. Napoleon decided to retreat back to France. He was forced to travel back the 500 miles through the same areas he had fought through. While they were retreating the Russian attacked the exhausted and cold troops. Only 10,000 of the original 500,000 came back to France.

22. History Continued
In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 or about 2 cents an acre for defensive purposes (and gold). (55 miles between Alaska and Russia mainlands)
Late 1800s, Russian Empire power began to decline. Industry grew slowly. Agriculture was the leading method of support. But there were fewer farmers, because people had left the fields to make much more money working in factories. Therefore there were food shortages and economic problems.

23. Russian Revolution
1912 the government was split between two groups: the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
Lenin headed the Bolsheviks , who believed that violence was necessary for the revolution to succeed. Lenin gave his group the name "Bolshevik", which means majority-class. RED ARMY
The Mensheviks. (headed by Martov), believed in reform and democracy. "Mensheviks", which means minority-class. WHITE ARMY
1917, Czar Nicholas II (father of Anastasia) abdicated (gave up) his thrown. Lenin (Bolshevik) took control of the government. This ended absolute monarchy in Russia.
1922 the Bolsheviks became the Communist (classless society, equality). They established the USSR (The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) based on the book (Communist Manifesto) of Karl Marx.

24. USSR

25. History Continued Results:
1930 Joseph Stalin was in control. He established true communism, Soviet Union. He took over all industries and farms. Command Economy
Everything controlled by government.
No Private Ownership.
He created state run farms. Cooperative farming
Industry focused on heavy industry.
Religion was illegal.
Government controlled art, literature, media, etc
One political party. (NO Elections)
No classes, everyone equal
Results:
Quality went down, due to no competition.
Farms failed to produce enough food for the population.
Huge build up of weapons.
Advancements in technology.
Equality? People were poor while the government was wealthy.
Everything distributed equality, so hard work does not produce large individual gains.

26. IRON CURTAIN/eastern bloc
Soviet Union became a world power.
1961 Built the Berlin Wall (creating 2 Germanys), creating the IRON CURTAIN.
Soviet Union become leader of the Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact)
Cold War began between Soviet Union and USA (Superpowers).
1970s two leaders (Khrushchev and Brezhnev) tried to expand cultural, domestic, and foreign policies. Unfortunately it did not work. Russia spent most of their money on defense and weapons. Russia was going broke competing with the US.

27. History Continued
1985 Mikhail Gorbachev started glasnost (openness). He opened up diplomacy and gave people individual rights to speak.
1989 first public election since 1917.
1991 USSR was no more when the Berlin wall came down. Many countries declared their independence (15 countries). The Russian Federation was created.
1992 Capitalism (market economy) increased, constant battles between new capitalist and old communist
Some want to be communist again: Life for most Russians has not improved. The great majority still struggles to survive, sometimes below the poverty level. Industrial and agricultural production have fallen 50 percent in recent years, and millions are not paid their salaries on time.