1. Enforcement Options Conservation means management of resources Preservation means management but you cannot disturb the area Restoration means you return area to the original condition (not very realistic) Remediation is a general term that means cleaning up (most common term used) Mitigation means repairing an affected area, usually by replacing it somewhere else (wetlands) Reclamation means you are recovering resources or land from contaminated sites (recovering metal from electronics)

2. The Environmental Protection Agency Created in 1970 by President Nixon Replaced the Environmental Health Service Mission Statement is to Protect the Environment for our generation and future generations

3. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 1969 Declared a national environmental policy and promotes consideration of environmental concerns by federal agencies Title I: declared a national environmental policy and goals, provides a method for accomplishing these goals and includes guidance

4. NEPA (continued) Title II: created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) and its responsibilities An Environmental Impact Study (EIS) may be required if a proposed action that may affect the quality of the human environment

5. Clean Air Act In 1963, the Clean Air Act was first passed with regulatory language Grants were provided for air pollution control agencies and established a pollution abatement conference procedure In 1965, Congress added Title II, The Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act which provided emission standards

6. Clean Air Act of 1970 EPA had the authority to establish regulatory goals and standards Standards for 50 industrial processes were developed 189 Pollutants were initially regulated Permit requirements were established Criminal sanctions for non-compliance were established

7. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 Created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration under the Department of Labor Established exposure limitations for 22 hazardous substances and 380 air contaminants (Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances) Required the use of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

8. The Clean Water Act History In 1972, a law was passed to protect the purity of our natural waterways. In 1977 significant changes were made to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the renamed the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act regulates industrial discharge into a navigable waterway.

9. CWA Industry Requirements Established allowable levels of specific pollutants for restricted use 65 (128) Toxic Pollutants were regulated Effluent and Pretreatment guidelines were established Best Available Technology was defined Spill cleanup provisions were established

10. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act of 1972 Required the registration of all pesticide products used in the US The EPA can now regulate the use of pesticide products Substances that may be of a “substantial question of safety” to the public can be “cancelled” Suspension orders could immediately ban the use of a pesticide product

11. Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 Established Maximum Contaminant Levels for 83 compounds Defined treatment techniques for specific contaminants Required filtration and disinfection of potable water Established programs for underground injection control

12. Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975 Required hazardous materials shipments to be packaged, labeled and transported according to Department of Transportation (DOT) requirements Established hazard classes Required carriers to report all spills and emergency incidents concerning hazardous materials to the DOT within 15 days

13. Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 Established a 90-day notification period prior to the manufacture of new chemicals Authorized the EPA to restrict or prohibit the manufacturer of chemicals that would pose an unreasonable risk to health or environment Requires the manufacturer to conduct health and environmental impact studies

14. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1986 Title 40 Code Federal Regulations, Chapter I, Subchapter I, Parts 260-281 Identified specific wastes and processes which produce hazardous waste Established hazardous waste characterization (TCLP, IRC) Required generators and transporters to register with the EPA

15. Solid Waste Disposal Act The Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) became law on October 20, 1965. In its original form, it was a broad attempt to address the solid waste problems confronting the nation through a series of research projects, investigations, experiments, training, demonstrations, surveys, and studies. Provisions for solid waste eventually became a provision of RCRA

16. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liabilitly Act (CERCLA) of 1980 Established a 1.6 billion dollar trust fund (Superfund) to clean up hazardous waste sites Established a National Priorities List (NPL) Regulated the spill size reportable to the National Response Center (1-5000 lbs depending on the substance)

17. Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 Reauthorized and amended CERCLA Established Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know which requires planning and participation with local emergency response agencies Included a “miscellaneous” category as a “catch all”

18. SARA Title III: Extremely Hazardous Substances Requires facilities to notify local and state emergency response organizations within 60 days if there an Extremely Hazardous Substance is in production, use or storage above the Threshold Planning Quantity

19. SARA Title III: Tier I and Tier II If a facility is required to maintain an MSDS for a substance, an initial Tier I and annual Tier II report must be filed with the local and state emergency response organizations. Report indicates the quantity stored on the property for the previous reporting year above 10,000 pounds (except for EHS)

20. SARA Title III: Reporting Form R Any eligible facility must report the manufacture of, production of or otherwise use of any of the three-hundred Section 313 listed compounds 25,000 lb. Threshold for manufacture use of 10,000 lb. Threshold for “otherwise use of”

21. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Identifies Vessels, Onshore and Offshore Facilities, Deepwater Ports and Pipelines as the responsible parties in an oil spill Requires that the responsible party pay damages, revenues, etc. Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund monies may be used to pay claims and/or other associated costs

22. Emergency Planning & Community Right to Know (EPCRA) Industry must inform the public and the state and local emergency response committees of any hazardous or extremely hazardous substances used or produced.

23. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) CITES is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. CITES was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN (The World Conservation Union).

24. Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 Identified goals and established training programs Established state grant programs Implemented a review on source reduction Created a national clearinghouse of information on pollution prevention

25. Endangered Species Act (1973) The Endangered Species Act of 1973 was designed to protect critically “imperiled species” from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation“ i.e. you cannot buy, sell or trade and organisms that are listed by the US endangered species list; the habitat is also protected

26. Atomic Energy Act of 1954 The Atomic Energy Act covers the development and regulation of all nuclear materials for the purposes of commerce, energy production, defense or medical advancement.

27. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act Assures the safety, wholesomeness, efficacy, and truthful packaging and labeling of food, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices.

28. Food Quality Protection Act Sets limits on pesticide residue in food and requires that ingredients are tested for heath effects.

29. Kyoto Protocol (1997) The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international treaty with the goal of achieving "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

30. Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987.

31. Soil & Water Conservation Act and Soil Conservation Act Two acts designed to protect the top soil from erosion and nutrient depletion; establishes conservation methods and programs