1. PERIODIZATION: 1914 - PRESENT CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES IN THE PERIOD

2. CONTINUITIES, BREAKS 1914 – 1939 and 1939 - 1945 30 Year World War Nationalism triumphant Western Europe at peak, beginning of challenge 1945 – 1989 Bipolar World of US, USSR Decolonization, Internationalism Globalization, Consumerism 1989 – Present Multi-polar world Decreased emphasis on ideologies The universal or global village? Rise of fundamentalism (reaction)

3. GREAT TRANSFORMATION Prior to the 20 th Century Completed In Western Europe In the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand In Japan Beginning but not completed In Russia In Eastern and Southern Europe In the 20 th Century Completed In Eastern Europe, Latin America In East Asia (China, Korea, Vietnam) In Parts of Southeast Asia In India, Central Asia including Mongolia In Turkey, Israel and a few SW Asian, North African nations In a few African nations such as South Africa Beginning but not completed In Most of Africa In Most of the Muslim world

4. TRADITION Challenged by Modernism Industrialization Consumerism Secularization Westernization Often unable to compete, survive

5. TRADITIONAL ECONOMIES Produce within a small community General uniformity of tasks, opportunities Change is slow and distrusted Generally autarkic Decisions based on tradition, elders, past Low, few or little Surplus Technology Capital Labor intensive Much land, resources held in common Production = consumption Minimal trade

6. MARKET ECONOMY Specialization Technology intensive Use artificial power Produce surpluses Profits are strongest motivation Dominated by credit, monetary institutions Trade critical Supply and demand determine price, availability Labor bought and sold as a factor Products bought not produced by individual labor Highly mechanized, technologized

7. CONSUMERISM Workers Paid in wages, creating demand Workers need, creating supply Clothing, Housing, Food, Medicine Luxuries, Entertainment, Transportation Workers acquired free time Mass manufacture of consumer goods Mass marketing of elite culture

8. URBANIZATION Focus of transformation is the city Most industries, opportunities located in cities To grow large, cities need Steel to build up Rail to transport around, bring in food Mass power to support life Cities grow Urban areas Metropolitan areas Suburbs Megapolis Conurbations

9. SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS Community or Society Community is small and personal; villages and traditions Society is large and held together by permanent large institutions Lifestyle changes Extended families tended to be norm at start Families tend to become nuclear Families tend to be fragmented, not contiguous Women tend to become workers Women often acquire rights, powers in society Workers tend to become more educated Childhood lengthened, adulthood delayed Universal education is expanded Pace of life much accelerated Temporary relationships become common Change becomes frequent

10. MASS POLITICS Expansion of electorate Universal male suffrage Universal female suffrage Enfranchisement of minorities Politics Is seen as marketplace of ideas Competition and compromise to obtain change Rise of political parties Parties become common, open to all Parties represent diverse factions People vote their interests Modern technology creates mass politics Age of Information leads to competition of ideas Rise of ideologies Parties compete for voters Modern technology allows for mass control Rise of totalitarian ideologies Rise of single party dictatorships

11. BUREAUCRATIZATION Power of the state State minimally intrusive prior to 19 th century Generally confined to politics, military, law Expands massively into Social areas and concerns Economics, Industry, Commerce Rolls created by war, increased technology Bureaucrats Become new social elites Regulate all aspects of public life Oversees expanding roll of government

12. SECULARIZATION Process begun by Enlightenment Idea of progress, reform, perfectibility Notion of natural law, science Religion is a personal matter not public concern Science Knowledge applied Technology accelerates, achieves almost utopian world Scientist replaces clergyman Clergy explains by faith Scientist explains by experimentation, proof God diminished as irrational, unprovable Separation of church and state Humanism Human (civil) law replaces God’s law Human concerns, understandings dominate society Rise of ideology to replace theology Conflict between fundamentalism and humanism

13. DECOLONIZATION DEMOCRATIZATION Breakup of Western Empires World War I challenged western control Depression loosened links to mother countries World War II destroyed Western invincibility Democracy, US begin to insist up independence Political vs. Social, Economics Decolonization Self-Determination and Democratization Wilson’s 14 Points, FDR and US model UN Declaration of Human Rights

14. GLOBALIZATION Began with imperialism, colonies Expanded due to industrialization, trade Necessary for market economy, free trade Made possible by mass communication Telephone, telegraph, television Airplane, steam vessel Computer, Internet, instant communication Made unavoidable by economic specialization Fostered by “universalizing agents” Mass entertainment and culture Immigration and migration for work Mass religion

15. DEMOGRAPHICS How much population is too much? Control factors Birth rate Death rate Life span Phases I: Prior to 1450 (World) High Birth, High Death Slow population growth II: Europe 16-18 th Centuries High Birth rate, declining death rate Population increase III: Europe, US, Canada: 19 th century; world 20 th century High Birth rate, low death rate, longer life span Population explosion IV: Europe, US, Japan late 20 th century Low Birth Rate, Low Death Rate Declining Population

16. ENVIRONMENT 1750 – 1914 Saw European, parts of American areas effected 20th Century has seen effects spread throughout the world 20th Century has been an environmental disaster Examples Overpopulation and massive megapolis Deforestation especially of tropical zones Desertification has increased due to overgrazing, overfarming Overfishing of rich areas had reduced catches to extremely low areas Hunting of whales and sharks to near extinction Overgrazing of fragile zones Mass extinctions of animals Settlement of fragile zones (tide waters, coastal zones) Overuse of aquifers Pollution of the Arctic, Antarctic Environmental pollutants (fertilizers, radioactive ores) have made areas unlivable Reduction of habitats and zones in transition to farming, logging Pollution Water Air Land