2. Interpersonal Deception Theory of David Buller and Judee Burgoon chapter 7, Em Griffin (4th ed.)

3. Verbal Deceit b Three strategies to not telling the truth: 1. Falsification (a lie, creates a fiction) 2. Concealment (part truth, hides a secret) 3. Equivocation (vague, dodges the issue)

4. Getting Away with Deceit b Could you tell if someone is lying to you? Research suggests we are not too good at detecting deception;Research suggests we are not too good at detecting deception; Deception research shows that the nonverbal cues people look to for detection (looking in the eye, hurried speech, and nervous laughter) are not reliable indicators of deception;Deception research shows that the nonverbal cues people look to for detection (looking in the eye, hurried speech, and nervous laughter) are not reliable indicators of deception; A chuckling, fast -talking person who avoids eye contact is just as likely to be telling the truth as someone who displays the socially accepted signs of sincerity;A chuckling, fast -talking person who avoids eye contact is just as likely to be telling the truth as someone who displays the socially accepted signs of sincerity;

5. Research Approach b Buller & Burgoon reject the standard experimental approach that has Ss listening or viewing actors act out scripted messages to detect deception; b They think that the fuller context of interpsersonal communication is crucial to the communication event; b Interpersonal Deception Theory is the result of this thinking that context is crucial;

6. Key Propositions in the Interpersonal Deception Theory b What deceivers and respondents think and do varies according to the amount of interactive give-and-take that’s possible in the situation; b What deceivers and respondents think and do varies according to how well they know and like each other; b Deceivers make more strategic moves and leak more nonverbal cues than truth tellers; b With increased interaction, deceivers make more strategic moves and display less leakage; b Deceivers and respondents’ expectation for honesty (truth bias) is positively linked with interactivity and relational warmth; [for more, see pp. 92 - 93]

7. Two Core Ideas b 1. Interpersonal Communication is Interactive; People are constantly adjusting their behavior toward one another in response to feedback;People are constantly adjusting their behavior toward one another in response to feedback; Interaction rather than individual behavior is at the core of the theory;Interaction rather than individual behavior is at the core of the theory;

8. Two Core Ideas b 2. Strategic Deception Demands Mental Effort; A successful deceiver must manipulate a lot of information;A successful deceiver must manipulate a lot of information; At some point, the strategic requirements of deception could produce cognitive overload;At some point, the strategic requirements of deception could produce cognitive overload; Leakage refers to the unconscious nonverbal cues that signal an internal state;Leakage refers to the unconscious nonverbal cues that signal an internal state; Griffin suggests that we think of a deceptive interaction we have taken part in, either as deceiver or respondent, and compare it to the propositions in Figure 7.1 (pp. 92-93);Griffin suggests that we think of a deceptive interaction we have taken part in, either as deceiver or respondent, and compare it to the propositions in Figure 7.1 (pp. 92-93);

9. Strategic Information Management b Every deceptive act has at least 3 aims: 1. To accomplish a specific task or goal;1. To accomplish a specific task or goal; 2. To establish or maintain a relationship with the respondent;2. To establish or maintain a relationship with the respondent; 3. To “save face” or sustain the image of one or both parties;3. To “save face” or sustain the image of one or both parties;

10. Four Message Characteristics that Reflect Strategic Intent b 1. Uncertainty and Vagueness b 2. Nonimmediacy, reticence, and withdrawal; b 3. Disassociation; b 4. Image-and relationship -protecting behavior;

11. Message Characteristic of Strategic Intent b Uncertainty and Vagueness: Short (lack of detail) and noncommittal answers (“I worked late”; speak in passive and indefinite ways (“It was impossible to get things done before then”];Short (lack of detail) and noncommittal answers (“I worked late”; speak in passive and indefinite ways (“It was impossible to get things done before then”];

12. Nonimmediacy, reticence, and withdrawal b The desire to be out of the situation--shows up in nonverbal actions to turn away, sit apart, lean back; silence before answering, frequent pauses; nonimmediacy (symbolically removing yourself from the situation) in words as well, e.g., changing tense from present to past;

13. Disassociation b A way of distancing yourself from what you’ve done; shifting responsibility to others; removing individual choice; shared responsibility; downplay the intensity of unwelcome news (“sometimes”); generally, sever the personal connection between the actor and the act of deception;shifting responsibility to others; removing individual choice; shared responsibility; downplay the intensity of unwelcome news (“sometimes”); generally, sever the personal connection between the actor and the act of deception;

14. Image- and relationship- protecting behavior b To mask the cues that leak out despite their best efforts, deceivers try to appear extra sincere; b Deceivers in dialogue tend to nod in agreement when the respondent speaks, avoid interrupting, and smile frequently;

15. Multiple Factors & Deceiver’s Strategic Plan (p. 96) b Plan-based activity increases when : the situation is highly interactive (prop. 4);the situation is highly interactive (prop. 4); parties know each other well (prop. 8);parties know each other well (prop. 8); the deceiver particularly fears discovery (prop. 6);the deceiver particularly fears discovery (prop. 6); the deceiver’s motivation is selfish (prop. 7);the deceiver’s motivation is selfish (prop. 7); the deceiver has good communication skills (prop. 9);the deceiver has good communication skills (prop. 9);

16. LEAKAGE b Why leakage occurs: intense attempt to control information can produce too slick a performance;intense attempt to control information can produce too slick a performance; lying causes physiological arousal;lying causes physiological arousal; the predominant felt emotions that accompany lying are guilt and anxiety-- they are hard to cover;the predominant felt emotions that accompany lying are guilt and anxiety-- they are hard to cover; cognitive overload in attending to so much and some behaviors leak out;cognitive overload in attending to so much and some behaviors leak out;

17. Telltale Signs of Leakage (based on 35 leakage studies) b Unintentional nonverbals that usually accompany deception: b Fidgety hand movements; b Increased blinking and enlarged pupils; b Frequent speech errors (grammatical mistakes, repetitions, slips of the tongue]; b Increased speech hesitations (awkward pauses, “ahs, ers, ums”); b higher voice pitch; b Increased discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal channels;

18. Respondent’s Dilemma b Truth bias: our expectation that people will tell the truth; b As in CMM theory (which is interpretive), Deception Theory (which is empirical) comes to the conclusion that persons-in conversation co-construct their own social realities. The construction project continues as the deceiver reacts to the respondent’s suspicions.

19. Putting Doubts to Rest: Deceiver Adjustment to Respondent Suspicion b Deceivers are usually more successful at sensing suspicion than respondents are at spotting deception; b As soon as deceivers see signs of doubt, they change their behavior in a way intended to alleviate their partner’s distrust; b They usually reciprocate the mood and manner of the respondent;

20. Putting Doubts to Rest b Reciprocation: A process of adjusting communication behavior to mesh with the other; If the respondent shows high involvement, so does the deceiver;If the respondent shows high involvement, so does the deceiver; If the respondent shows a nonchalant style, so does the deceiver;If the respondent shows a nonchalant style, so does the deceiver; Truth tellers react the same way to accusation, often resulting in more suspicion (p. 99);Truth tellers react the same way to accusation, often resulting in more suspicion (p. 99);

21. A Final Note (from Griffin’s critique) b When talking with others, I should doubt my ability to detect deception; b Most of us think we are great lie detectors; b This theory, Interpersonal Deception Theory, suggests we are not great lie detectors;