1. Missing Links: Lessons on the Digital Divide from Texas' Telecommunications Infrastructure Fund "Internet Use in the Americas" Mexico City, Mexico June 16-17, 2005 Gary Chapman LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin gary.chapman@mail.utexas.edu

2. Texas’ Telecommunications Infrastructure Fund (TIF) Began in 1995, originally scheduled to last for ten years and to spend $1.5 billion Ended in August 2003, spent approximately $1.3 billion in 8 years Four authorized institutions received grants: K-12 schools Public libraries Nonprofit medical facilities Higher education Grants were for infrastructure and connectivity, not training nor personnel

3. TIF’s Community Networking Program Began in 2000, produced 3 rounds of funding Spent about $70 million and supported 188 communities in Texas Grants ranged from $250K to $500K Authorized institutions were “fiscal agents” of community collaborations Grants required: Public access computers A community Web portal Computer and Internet classes/training In 2002-2004, University of Texas team evaluated first round of 36 grantee communities

4. Patterns in TIF’s Community Networking Investments tended to reinforce the inventories and control of the fiscal agent institutions Single computers deployed at unusual sites were underutilized or even unused Weak connection to the communities most adversely affected by the “digital divide” Poor or weak support by the TIF agency Funding was binary, either on or off, limiting sustainability planning Grantee agencies were inherently conservative

5. Missing Links: What Would Have Helped A coherent vision of community networking An appreciation of the concept of “effective use” A “learning community” of community leaders

6. A coherent vision of community networking There was no shared understanding of public access or community networking in the TIF program The TIF staff was unable to provide support for innovation and inspiration The grantee agencies were focused on the requirements of the grant contract Once the grant requirements were met, the projects tended to stop developing Case studies of innovative and successful projects might have helped

7. An appreciation of “effective use” Michael Gurstein, New Jersey Institute of Technology: “ The capacity and opportunity to successfully integrate ICTs into the accomplishment of self or collaboratively identified goals."

8. An appreciation of “effective use” Mark Warschauer, University of California at Irvine

9. New tools to support community networking Blogging Content management systems Mambo Drupal Plone CivicSpace Bulletin boards Photo-sharing: Flickr, BuzzNet Group calendaring Web portal software Collaborative software, project management, wikis

10. The importance of a “learning community” The importance of a virtual community to support learning and avoid duplication of mistakes There are easy-to-use tools for building virtual learning communities Support for case studies and distribution of knowledge “Digital divide” projects should be built around the development of a learning community

11. Gary Chapman LBJ School of Public Affairs University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA gary.chapman@mail.utexas.edu